Topics which will be covered in Bio 1421 (Modern Biology II) include molecules, cells, organs, populations, and the biosphere molecules, cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems atoms, tissues, organs, organ systems, and communities cells, tissues, organs, multicelled organisms, and populations multicelled organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, the biosphere.
The smallest unit of life is an atom a molecule a cell organ systems a multicelled organism.
________ make up enzymes, which initiate many chemical reactions in cells. carbohydrates lipids proteins DNA sugars.
Although highly variable, all forms of life share many common attributes, such as ________. using energy monitoring and responding to internal and external changes reproduction a body constructed from one or more cells All of these.
Based on their energy requirements, there are 3 major categories of organisms: producers, decomposers, and consumers animals, plants, decomposers plants, bacteria, and fungi producers, animals, decomposers plants, animals, producers.
The classification system devised by Linneaus gives each organism a two-part name, its _______ name. a genus and species kingdom and species kingdom and genus family and genus order and species.
Groupings from least inclusive to most inclusive were added to the binomial system. In order from least to most inclusive, these groups are: family>order>class>phylum>kingdom>domain class>phylum>kingdom>domain>family>order kingdom>domain>class>phylum>family>order kingdom>phylum>class>order>family>domain family>order>domain>kingdom>phylum>class.
The three domains currently used in biological classification are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya Bacteria, Protists, Fungi Plants, Animals, Archeans Producers, Consumers, Decomposers Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, and Bacteria.
The existence of a thin layer of iridium in sedimentary rock that was formed during the K-T boundary is evidence of giant tidal waves that covered much of the Earth´s surface material from a large asteriod that was ejected into the atmosphere upon impact with the earth the widespread burning of trees for fuel that marked the first use of fire by various bands of early humans violent volcanic activity that occured around the ocean rims for 100,000 years debris left behind by the retreat of glaciers at the end of the last Ice Age.
All bacteria are prokaryotes eukaryotes anaerobic aerobic multi-celled.
The primary difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that prokaryotes have a nucleus and well defined organelles; eukaryotes do not eukaryotes have a nucleus and well defined organelles;prokaryotes do not eukaryotes are usually found living singly; prokaryotes frequently form colonies eukaryotes are mostly producers; prokaryotes are decomposers and consumers eukaryotes are single-celled; prokaryotes may be single or multi-celled.
Matching Animal Archae Fungi Plantae Protista.
The concept of the great Chain of Being included extending from the lowest forms to spiritual beings each species being fixed in place in the divine order species being unchanged and unchanging since creation all species being created at the same time in the same place all of these.
The theory that included the original creation of all species and abrupt changes in the fossil record caused by world-wide catastrophes was proposed by Georges Cuvier Aristotle Alfred Wallace Jean Baptiste Lamarck Charles Lyell.
The oldest fossils demonstrate the wildest distribution represent the most highly evolved organisms are found buried deepest in the ground are found in Africa are primitive marine vertebrates.
Lyell´s geologic evidence for earth´s age in the million, rather than thousands, of years led to his development of the theory of catastrophism creationism uniformity evolution convergence.
Glyptodonts are fossil forms that resemble finches armadillos turtles star fish ferns.
__________, a clergyman and economist, suggested that as a population outgrows its resources, its members must compensate for what is available; some will not make it. John Henslow Charles Lyell Thomas Malthus Alfred Wallace Ernst Mayr.
The operation of natural selection depends upon the fact that the strong always survive, whereas the weak always die. some individuals have a better chance to produce more offspring mutations are always harmful acquired characteristics are inherited reproduction of all members of a species is virtually the same.
Darwin and Wallace both realized the most species produce any more offspring than is necessary to maintain a constant population. What happens to the individuals in the population? Evolution kills them off Those with more favorable traits reproduce more than those with less favorable traits They evolve to take advantage of natural resources It is arbitrary which individuals die They mutate, and some are better adapted to their environment.
Study of fossils in sedimentary rock layers shows that layers of sedimentary rocks are unrelated from continent to continent organisms with hard parts preserve better than those with soft parts the surface layers of sedimentary rocks are the oldest the fossil record is, for the most part, a complete record of past life most rock layers are tilted or ruptured as a result of major crustal movements.
Which of the following habitats is most likely to be rich in fossils? eroding hillsides deserts polar ice caps a bed of a former shallow sea a rocky plateau.
If the radioactive element in rock around a fossil is determined to have gone through 4 half-lives, how much of the original radioactive material remains? 33.3% 16.7% 6.25% 50% 25%.
Which of the following is NOT one of the four major intervals in the geologic time scale? Mesozoic Proterozoic Carboniferous Cenozoic Paleozoic.
The geologic time scale is subdivided on the basis of the apperance of different radioactive isotopes in different strata levels of background extinction periods of mass extinction the appearance of different radioactive isotopes in different strata and levels of background extinction the appearance of different radioactive isotopes in different strata, levels of background extinction, and periods of mass extinction.
The large, ancient land mass that contained all the continents is called Laurasia Pangea Gondwana Atlantis Europa.
Through _____ the same body parts become modified differently in different lines of descent. morphological convergence morphological divergence ancestral analogy preservation of vestigal structures ancestral homology.
The convergence in external morphology of sharks, panguins, and porpoises is attributed to reduced genetic variability in these groups natural selection pressures that are common to these groups reproductive isolation of these groups identical genes in all three groups use and disuse of the limbs.
The honeycreeper bird species of Hawaii are currently susceptible to extinction primarily because their eggs are largely eaten by native Hawaiian lizards they carry a genetic condition brought by their finch ancestors that kills most of the young 3 million years is not long enough for the birds to have adapted to the islands while well adapted to uninhabited Hawaiian islands, they have been disrupted by human activity volcanic activity threatens the honeycreepers´ habitat.
The primary structure of _____ from yeast, wheat, and primates contains long segments that are identical, indicating conservation from a common origin. the Alu transpoon cytochrome c the D11 gene Hox genes DNA base sequences.
Which of the following organisms cannot be tested by the biological species concept to see if they are a single species? two dinosaur species yeast purchased at the grocery store different breeds of horses different populations of the same bird species different varieties of the same fungus species.
Any heritable body form, physiology, or behavior that prevents gene flow between populations is an example of genetic divergence reproductive isolating mechanism genetic drift genetic convergence Mayr´s biological species.
A result of stopping gene flow between populations may result in _____ over time. genetic divergence genetic convergence an isolating mechanism Mayr´s biological species genetic drift.
All of the following are examples of prezygotic isolating mechanisms except ecological isolation hybrid sterility behavioral isolation mechanical isolation temporal isolation.
Matching Behavioral Ecological Gametic mortality Mechanical Temporal.
Adaptive radiation results from the lowering of barriers to gene flow the opening up of a new ecological opportunities to a species the narrowing of a species´ ecological range the presence of similar species in overlapping areas hybridization of two species.
Extinction is the irrevocable lass of a species has played a major role in evolutionary history includes 20 or more large-scale extinctions, and hundreds of smaller ones produces reduced diversity which is frequently followed by adaptive radiation all of these.
Nanobes are important to the understanding of how life evolved on earth because they are the oldest known eukaryotic fossils found so far represent organic material carried to earth on meteorites contain DNA and appear to grow are small cells found in hot springs that can use simple carbon molecules are an energy source they are able to ingest bacteria to aid in them their metabolic processes.
The oldest time period during which life existed on earth (3.8-2.5 bya) is the Achean Cambrian Proterozoic Paleozoic Cenozoic.
Fatty acids and glycerol can combine to form long-tail lipid molecules in simulated evaporating tidepools. These may self-assemble into tiny sace like Golgi bodies mitochondria lysosomes DNA cell membranes.
By mimicing the conditions of early earth, Miller and others showed that simple organic molecules can form spontaneously complex biological structures can form spontaneously organic molecules would have disintegrated shortly after they formed RNA can be replicated.
Early in the Proterozoic eon (2.7 bya), the noncyclic pathway had evolved among _____ that were producing oxygen. green algae archaea blue green bacteria protists small plants.
Earth´s primitive atmosphere did NOT contain water vapor free nitrogen free hydrogen free oxygen inert gases.
The _____ may formed from infoldings of the early cell membrane, and _____ may have evolved from photosynthetic bacteria angulfed by predatory cells and then kept alive in the cell. chloroplasts; endoplasmic reticulum (ER) mitochondria; nuclei mitochondria; chloroplasts nucleus; chloroplasts prokaryotes; eukaryotes.
By far, the most abundant living organisms on earth are multicelled eukaryotic anaerobic prokaryotic viruses.
All but which on eof the following bacterial structures is located outside of the plasma membrane? flagellum pili plasmid capsule peptidoglycan.
matching Coccus Bacillus Strepto Spirillum Staphlo.
The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria react to the presence of _____ and appear _____ under the microscope. oxygen; pink a chemical stain; purple light; purple a chemical stain; pink light; pink.
Gram-negative ´streptobacillus´ bacteria would appear as pink, rod-shaped bacteria in chains pink, spiral bacteria in chains purple, rod-shaped bacteria in bunches purple, spiral bacteria in bunches pink, spiral bacteria in bunches.
The structure which allows bacteria to cling to surfaces, and also may help them avoid being ingested by white blood cells is the cell wall pilli conjugation tube flagellum glycocalyx.
Which of the following structures are necessary for sexual reproduction in bacteria? flagella/capsules spores/peptidoglycan slime capsules/endospores pili/conjugation tubes glycocalices/lipid bilayer.
Bacterial growth in prokaryotic species is a measure of increase in number of cells in a population diameter through the center of the bacteria cell parameter around the bacterial cell weight of the bacterial cell number of chromosomes produced during prokaryotic fission.
A plasmid is a self-replicating circle of DNA is composed of a very few genes may allow bacteria to engage in bacterial conjugation may contain antibiotic-resistant genes all of these.
Two prokaryotic cells which show minor differences are sometimes classified as different species kingdoms strains genera mutations.
The nitrogen-fixing cells that can form among cyanobacteria are called heterocysts endospores plasmids glycocalyx fruiting bodies.
Bacteria can respond to nutrient gradients oxygen gradients/concentration light magnetic/gravity fields all of these.
When nutrients become scarce, some bacteria reduce their metabolism and engage in conjugation switch to photosynthesis form endospores become parasitic reproduce asexually.
Which type of bacterium has been responsible for outbreaks of lethal intestinal infection? thermophiles halophiles cyanobacteria methanogens E. coli.
A dangerous form of food poisoning is caused by Clostridium botulinim Clostridium tetani Bacillus anthrasis Borellia burgdorferi Aquifex aeolicus.
Bacteria found in the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea, are red-pigmented thermophiles halophiles cyanobacteria methanogens eubacteria.
Which type of bacterium is restricted to the acid waste piles of coal mines and to hot springs? thermophiles halophiles cyanobacteria methanogens E. Coli.
Methanogens live in hot springs and other very hot places can tolerate high salt environments include forms that can switch to a special photosynthesis inhabit swamps, mud, sewage, and animal guts are in the domain Eukarya.
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