008 In suspensions and emulsions, the formation of complexes impairs bioavailability improves bioavailability there is no correct answer does not affect bioavailability.
The disintegration test of dosage forms determines: the time during which complete disintegration of the dosage form will occur the amount of a medicinal substance that is a given period of time should be released in the medium of dissolution of the dosage form the amount of a drug that has entered the bloodstream the time during which the drug gets into the digestive tract.
Types of bioavailability:
a) physiological
b) relative
c) absolute
d) mixed
e) general
f) local
b, c, e
a, b, c c, e, f a, d, e.
Bioequivalence is determined the equivalent of a medicinal product prepared by different manufacturers after administration to several patients in the same form and in the same dose, exhibit a different therapeutic effect
When the equivalent of a medicinal product prepared by different manufacturers after administration to several patients in the same form and in the same dose, exhibit the same therapeutic effect the equivalent of a medicinal product which after administration to one patient after a certain time in the same form and in the same dose, exhibit the same therapeutic effect equivalent of a medicinal product prepared by different manufacturers after administration to several patients in different forms, but in the same dose, exhibit the same therapeutic effect.
The founders of biopharmacy are : Levy and Wagner Trandafilov and Levi
Zasetsky and Shatsky Shatsky and Wagner.
In what year was the term Biopharmacy first proposed ?
in the 60s of the XX century in the 50s of the XX century in the 70s of the XX century in the 80s of the XX century.
The solubility test of medicinal substances determines time during which complete disintegration of the dosage form occurs
the amount of a medicinal substance that, over a certain period of time, must be released into the dissolution medium from the dosage form the time during which the drug gets into the digestive tract the amount of a drug that has entered the bloodstream.
Molecules that can cross the cell barrier are :
molecules of the dissolved drug substance
molecules of the undissolved drug substance molecules of the dissolved and undissolved drug substance molecules of the drug substance can not overcome the cell barrier.
??? Optimal … , is the one which does not result in a slowdown in the absorption of drug . viscosity рH indication of the amount of surfactants complex formation.
Liquid crystalline (mesomorphic) state of matter (substance) : defines a structural property which is intermediate a solid crystal and a liquid characterizes the presence of two or more component systems formed by dissolution of amphiphilic molecules of surfactants characterizes liquid, soft or solid dosage forms intended for spraying, injection there is no correct answer.
The term LADMER includes everything except
route of administration elimination absorption distribution.
The process of drug distribution from the blood to the tissues and organs of the body: distribution elimination bioequivalence bioavailability.
The dissolution rate of a medicinal substance characterizes
the bioavailability of the drug substance
the elimination intensity of the drug substance
the biotransformation intensity of the drug substance The reabsorption intensity of the drug substance.
As dissolution medium for biopharmaceutical research are used:
water, aqueous acid solutions or buffer solutions aqueous acid solutions
buffer solutions water.
Solutions are …
liquid homogeneous thermodynamically stable dosage forms obtained by dissolving one or more medicinal substances, intended for internal, external use or injections
liquid dosage form containing one or more ground substances distributed in a liquid dispersion medium
uniform dosage form consisting of mutually insoluble dispersed liquids, intended for internal, external or injection use there is no correct answer.
Suspensions are …
liquid dosage forms containing one or more ground substances distributed in a liquid dispersion medium
uniform dosage form consisting of mutually insoluble dispersed liquids, intended for internal, external or injection use
liquid homogeneous thermodynamically stable dosage form obtained by dissolving one or more medicinal substances, intended for internal, injection or external use there is no correct answer.
Characteristics of the drug dissolution medium for biopharmaceutical research:
volume - 1000 ml, t - 37 ° С
volume - 500 ml, t - 30 ºС volume - 100 ml, t - 37 ° С the conditions for dissolution of the medicinal substance are not regulated.
The liberation of the medicinal substance from the dosage form is studied: by the agar plate method
by the organometric method by the dynamic method by the static method.
emulsions.. uniform dosage form consisting of mutually insoluble dispersed liquids, intended for internal, external or injection use liquid dosage form containing one or more ground substances distributed in a liquid dispersion medium
liquid homogeneous thermodynamically stable dosage form obtained by dissolving one or more medicinal substances, intended for internal, injection or external use there is no correct answer.
Excretion
rate of drug penetration through biological membranes
the process of taking drugs in the body the process of removing a drug from the body the process of transitioning a drug substance into the systemic circulation.
The most common solvent in solutions:
water essential oils polyethylene glycol ethanol.
Substances that increase the viscosity:
reduce drug absorption there is no correct answer do not affect the absorption of the drug increase drug absorption.
Basic volume characteristics of solutions:
all answers are correct apparent molar volumes of solute partial excess volumes partial limit molar volumes.
The absorption of medicinal substances used in the form of emulsions and suspensions occurs … in the upper part of the small intestine
in the stomach in the intestines in the colon.
High viscosity of the dispersion medium in the dosage form … slows down the diffusion of the drug through the membranes increases the diffusion of the drug through the membranes does not affect the diffusion of the drug through the membranes there is no correct answer.
The microbiological method is used in biopharmacy
to determine the process of release of a drug from a dosage form
to determine the sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics
to determine the solubility of a medicinal substance
to determine the disintegration process of the dosage form.
The method of diffusion of a drug through a membrane characterizes …
the process of penetration of a drug through cell membranes disintegration process of a dosage form the process of releasing a drug from a dosage form
drug dissolution process.
The interaction of drugs at the stages of adsorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination determines:
pharmacokinetic interaction physicochemical interaction
pharmacodynamic interaction
pharmaceutical interactions.
At what stage is the drug interaction of calcium and tetracycline preparations possible?
at the suction stage at the stage of distribution
at the metabolic stage
at the stage of elimination.
Hydroregulators are necessary to
maintain the required moisture content of the dosage form
giving elasticity to the dosage form introduction of gases into the capsule mass prevent microbial contamination.
Oral dosage forms:
solutions, pills, granules suspensions, tablets, suppositories emulsions, ointments, capsules granules, liniments, pastes.
Disintegration mechanisms of tablets:
all answers are correct
swelling effect capillary action humidification by expanding air in the pores with the release of the absorption's heat.
During the dissolution of the dosage form, the following occurs:
both answers are correct
release of molecules from crystalline bonds diffusion of molecules into a solvent there is no right answer.
The result of the pharmacokinetic interaction of calcium and tetracycline preparations:
the formation of non-adsorbable complexes
calcium increases the pH of gastric juice and reduces absorption of the weak acid tetracycline
calcium induces liver enzymes, increases metabolism and reduces the effectiveness of tetracycline
calcium stimulates gastrointestinal motility and reduces tetracycline absorption.
The change in pH in the gastrointestinal tract is associated with the use of
antacids
M-anticholinergics tetracyclines narcotic analgesics.
Suspension viscosity is provided by …
surfactants, aerosil, bentonite
starch
thymol
petroleum jelly.
A combination of several suspension excipients is used
blank to increase or maintain the biological activity of medicinal substances
to ensure high bioavailability to increase the stability of the dosage form.
Average dissolution time: the average arithmetic mean of the dissolution time of medicinal substances in different dosage forms the time it takes for 100% of the drug substance to enter the solution the amount of a drug substance dissolved in a specified time from the start of the experiment drug release outside the biological system.
Violation of the adsorption of a medicinal substance with the simultaneous use of enterosorbents refers to
the drug-drug interactions the pharmacokinetic drug interactions the pharmacodynamic drug interactions the pharmaceutical drug interactions.
Methods used to determine dissolution rate:
all answers are correct
adsorptive
dividing
dialysis.
The absorption of what drugs decreases with an increase in the pH of gastric juice?
penicillins, cephalosporins
morphine, chloroquine calcium gluconate, phosphalugel atropine, lidocaine.
The absorption of which drugs decreases with a decrease in the pH of gastric juice?
papaverine, lidocaine
amoxicillin, tetracycline
phenobarbital, furosemide calcium gluconate, phosphalugel.
Norm of Disintegration rates of capsules
20 min
15 min 10 min 1 hour.
The adsorption method is …
based on the absorption of the released substance by any adsorbent (activated carbon, bentonite, silicogel, etc.) with the subsequent quantitative determination of the substance in such
based on the study of the ability of a substance released into the aqueous phase to pass into the lipophilic phase, which is often used as an organic solvent immiscible with water
based on the property of some membranes to pass low molecular weight substances and ions, as well as to retain colloidal particles and macromolecules there is no right answer.
A Sediment formation as a sign of drug incompatibility is observed with the following combinations:
dibazol and euphyllin
norepinephrine and glucose
mezaton and glucose glucose and adrenaline.
Sediment formation as a sign of drug incompatibility is observed with the following combinations:
papaverine hydrochloride and sodium bicarbonate
cardiac glycosides and glucose
glucose and ephedrine
glucose and adrenaline.
The function of the P-glycoprotein is
the elimination of xenobiotics from the cells of the body
induction of liver enzymes
regulation of stomach pH regulation of tubular secretion.
An inhibitor of P-glycoprotein is …
atorvastatin
amitriptilline
phenothiazine morphine.
Liquid dosage form containing one or more ground substances distributed in a liquid dispersion medium
suspension
emulsion molecular solution of low molecular weight substances
molecular solution of high molecular weight substances.
Suspensions can be characterized as _____ systems
microheterogeneous
colloidal
homogeneous combined.
An example of a pharmaceutical incompatibility used for a therapeutic purpose:
activated carbon and heavy metal salts
weak base solution and alkaline solution activated carbon and tetracycline
weak base solution and alkaline solution.
An example of a pharmaceutical incompatibility used for a therapeutic purpose:
weak acid solution and alkaline solution
strong acid solution and alkaline solution calcium preparations and tetracycline activated carbon and tetracycline.
P-glycoprotein substrate:
clarithromycin
phenothiazine morphine Hypericum preparations.
P-glycoprotein inducer:
rifampicin
tacrolimus spironolactone quinidine.
Which drug causes a slowdown in gastric and intestinal motility?
Loperamide
domperidone magnesium sulfate
Senna preparations.
Positive property of the dosage form of the suspension:
pronounced prolonged action in comparison with solutions
long shelf life limiting the risk of microbial contamination stability
.
Science that studies the therapeutic efficacy of drugs depending on pharmaceutical factors
biopharmacy
biotechnology pharmacology pharmaceutical chemistry.
Relative pharmacological incompatibility of drugs is observed in …
pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions
pharmaceutical drug-drug interactions pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions any type of drug-drug interaction.
Absolute pharmacological incompatibility of drugs is observed in …
pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions
pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions pharmaceutical drug-drug interactions any type of drug-drug interaction.
The displacement of one drug from the connection with blood plasma proteins by another leads to … an increase in the free fraction of the first drug, an increase in its pharmacological activity, and an increase in side effects an increase in absorption, an increase in pharmacological activity, a decrease in the elimination of the first drug
a decrease in the free fraction of the first drug, a decrease in its effectiveness a decrease in the absorption of the first drug, a decrease in its hepatic metabolism, an increase in side effect.
Relative pharmacological incompatibility of drugs:
is a subject to correction
does not affect the therapeutic effectiveness of drugs not subject to correction there is no correct answer
.
Absolute pharmacological incompatibility of drugs:
is not a subject to correction
subject to correction does not affect the therapeutic effectiveness of drugs there is no correct answer.
Medicines that are inducers of liver enzymes:
phenobarbital, ethanol
omeprazole, famotidine cimetidine, ranitidine almagel, phosphalugel.
Excipients used to increase the solubility of poorly substances:
solubilizers
prolongators leavening agents emulsifiers.
The optimal viscosity ;
does not slow down the absorption of medicinal substances
leads to a slowdown in the absorption of medicinal provides thermodynamic stability of the dosage form characterized by slow diffusion of the drug through the membranes.
The effect observed in the interaction of menthol and camphor:
hygroscopic mixture formation
sediment formation
lack of reaction mixture inactivation.
Pharmaceutical incompatibility:
physicochemical interaction of medicines in dosage forms, as well as during storage and transportation
develops in the process of interaction of drugs with biological systems of the body
due to improper storage and transportation due to improper storage and transportation due to the presence of preservatives in the drug.
Medicines that are inhibitors of liver enzymes:
cimetidine, ranitidine
bismuth trisalium citrate
phenobarbital, ethanol almagel, phosphalugel.
Medicines that reduce the glomerular filtration rate:
neomycin, gentamicin
furosemide, spironolactone phenobarbital, sodium thiopental
almagel, phosphalugel.
Medicines causing suppression of tubular secretion:
indomethacin, ibuprofen
hydrochlorothiazide, ethacrynic acid almagel, phosphalugel
phenobarbital, sodium thiopental.
Emulsion composition finely dispersed, immiscible liquids
micelles in a liquid dispersion medium macromolecules and macroions distributed in a liquid multiple liquids.
What is used to determine the relative bioavailability
oral solutions
pills
powders
intravenous injection solutions.
Pharmacological incompatibility of medicinal substances
develops in the process of interaction with biological systems of the body
due to improper storage and transportation
due to the presence of preservatives in the drug due to the physicochemical interaction of medicinal substances in dosage forms.
Antacids and antisecretory drugs:
reduce the absorption of drugs - weak acids
increase the absorption of drugs - weak acids
reduce the absorption of drugs - strong acids increase the absorption of drugs - strong acids.
Antacids and antisecretory drugs:
increase the absorption of drugs - weak bases
reduce the absorption of drugs - strong bases increase the absorption of drugs - strong bases reduce the absorption of drugs - weak bases.
In an acidic media, urinary excretion of the drug is accelerated:
quinidine
ketoconazole
carvedilol
tetracycline.
In an alkaline media, urinary excretion of the drug is accelerated:
tetracycline
ketoconazole
carvedilol quinidine.
Preservatives are substances that …
prevent the growth of microorganisms
reduce the rate of oxidative processes of solutions of medicinal substances
increase the residence time of medicinal substances in the body increase the solubility of medicinal substances.
In suspensions, the surface area depends on …
the size of the dispersed particles
macromolecules and macroions distributed in the liquid
micelles in a liquid dispersion medium
presence of preservatives.
Activated carbon
adsorbs all drugs in the stomach and intestines
adsorbs in the stomach and intestines only non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
adsorbs only cardiac glycosides in the stomach and intestines
adsorbs only antibiotics in the stomach and intestines
.
Medicinal product for which interaction at the level of binding with proteins is of clinical importance warfarin
anaprilin
erythromycin verapamil
.
A decrease in urine pH leads to inhibition of tubular reabsorption of the drug:
amphetamine
phenylbutazone sulfadimethoxine
phenobarbital.
An increase in urine pH leads to inhibition of tubular reabsorption of the drug:
nalidixic acid morphine
imipramine
novocaine.
The purpose of biopharmaceutical research:
creation of effective dosage forms and preparations
study of drug transport in the body establishing the mechanism of action of a drug study of the mechanisms of absorption of a medicinal substance in the body.
Generic drug:
reproduced medicament
medicinal product developed in a different dosage form original drug patented medicament.
Preclinical drug trials:
assessment of pharmacological efficacy and safety in laboratory animals, as well as in vitro
assessment of the presence of pharmacological properties by computer prediction
assessment of drug toxicity in laboratory animals
assessment of safety in healthy volunteers.
Medicinal product for which interaction at the level of binding with proteins is of clinical importance
methotrexate
aminazine haloperidol
verapamil
.
Medicinal product for which interaction at the level of binding with proteins is diltiazem
digoxin
ketoprofen glibenclamide
.
Generic and original medicinal product
have the same active medicinal substances in the same doses and dosage form
have the same active medicinal substances in different doses and dosage form
have the same excipients
are characterized by the same name.
A drug patent protects the developer's copyright:
all answers are correct
for the pharmacological properties of the drug
for the chemical formula of a substance for the production technology of the drug.
In solutions, absorption is influenced by …
all answers are correct
the composition of the solvent surface tension viscosity
.
Medicines that, due to their significant lipophilicity, facilitate the passage of medicinal substances across the membrane
all answers are correct
ethanol, sorbitol
glycerin, propylene glycol
dimexide.
Route of drug administration providing 100% bioavailability:
intravenous
rectal
oral
sublingual.
Bile affects
drug solubility
mechanism of drug action optical properties of the medicinal product
drug dissociation constant
.
A drug for which interaction at the level of binding with proteins is not clinically relevant haloperidol
ceftriaxone sibazon
methotrexate
.
Insulin preparations:
increase the permeability of cell membranes for glucose and potassium ions
increase the permeability of the blood-brain barrier for penicillin preparations
do not affect the permeability of cell membranes
reduce the diffusion of many drugs through the capillary wall
.
The authorization for the release of generic medicinal products is issued
after bioequivalence confirmation
after the entire cycle of preclinical and clinical studies
after comparing the chemical formula of drugs in the original and generic drugs
after registration of a patent for a medicinal product
.
Therapeutic equivalence of original and generic medicines
the use of the same active substance in the same doses and form
the entry of the same amount of a drug into the systemic circulation
use of the same active substance
therapeutic interchangeability
.
Bioequivalence of original and generic medicines:
comparable bioavailability
use of the same active substance
the use of the same active substance in the same doses and form
therapeutic interchangeability
.
Bioavailability for bioequivalent drugs:
should not differ by more than 20%
should not be different should not differ by more than 30%
should not differ by more than 10%
.
Medicines are washed down with milk if:
they irritate the gastrointestinal mucosa
drugs have the ability to bind to calcium in milk
patient loves milk
milk can not be washed down with any medications.
The "primary passage effect" is NOT observed for drugs administered
rectally
intravenously
orally
intra-arterial.
Tubular secretion inhibitor:
butadion
digoxin
methotrexate lithium salts.
Drugs interaction is :
a quantitative or qualitative change in the pharmacological effects caused by drugs with the simultaneous or sequential use of two or more drugs a change in the pharmacological effects caused by drugs with the simultaneous unjustified prescription of many drugs without taking into account their compatibility quantitative change in the pharmacological effects caused by drugs with the sequential use of two or more drugs
changes in the pharmacological effects caused by drugs with the simultaneous use of two or more drugs
.
Biopharmacy as a science studies the biological effect of drugs depending on
the physicochemical properties of drugs and excipients, dosage form,
manufacturing technology
the functional groups of the drug
the impact of environmental factors
Only the manufacturing technology.
Biopharmacy evaluates the activity of a drug in a specific dosage form with certain excipients the the quality of the dosage form based on merchandising indicators: content of active substances, melting point,
solubility the pharmacological activity of a drug abstracted from the dosage form, usually in aqueous solution the amount of the drug reaching the systemic circulation
.
The original drug is
an innovative drug that has passed preclinical and clinical trials, protected by a patent for up to 20 years
an innovative drug that has passed clinical trials and is protected by a patent for 10 years
medicinal substance in a new dosage form medicinal product produced by a company in the absence of patent protection for the purpose of reproducing a previously created product.
Biological rhythm affecting the effectiveness of medicinal substances age
there is no correct answer
floor metabolic rhythm.
With a decrease in body temperature, absorption and metabolism of the drug …
slows down
absorption is accelerated, metabolism slows down do not change accelerated.
Interaction when combining aqueous and alcoholic solutions
physical drug interactions pharmacodynamic interaction of drugs chemical interaction of drugs pharmacokinetic drug interaction.
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