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Title of test: international relations Description: open university Author: p.k. Other tests from this author Creation Date: 29/08/2024 Category: Open University Number of questions: 150

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According to the introduction, the main difference between domestic and international politics is ... that domestic politics is more complex than international politics. that domestic politics is more anarchic that unlike domestic politics, international politics takes place in an arena with no central governing authority that international politics involves more violence. the state is ... a national government none of these a territory with a nation a bordered territory under the jurisdiction of a supreme government. the actors that do NOT participate in international relations MNCs African Union WTO municipalities. Which is NOT a theory of IR? social constuctivism Marxism McCarthyism liberalism. . The security dilemma refers to the situation when ... existence of armed states threatens the security they are expected to provide in a weak state there is a situation like Cold War states have nuclear weapons. Paris Peace Conference took place in ...? 1919-1920 1646 1864 1815. who holds the authority in a modern nation-state? bishop government emperor pope. The Congress of Vienna took place in ...? 1815 1919 1864 1646. Under what conditions are states most likely to prefer mutual cooperation to war? when cooperation provides much better benefits than unrestricted competition when the number of states trying to cooperate among themselves is significant when states have a short amount of time in which to act when the benefits to be gained from the use of force are not as great as the benefits to be gained from cooperation. Why legitimacy matters in international relations? Perceptions of legitimacy have little to no influence over state behavior States seen as legitimate can control the choices of other states. It is an objective quality that significantly impacts state and international systems. International institutions may have more influence if they are seen as legitimate. Which of the following summarizes what most sets international politics apart from domestic politics, whether at a national or local level? Domestic law enforcement officers rarely, if ever, operate in hostile, chaotic environments, in the same way that militaries do on the world stage. The international system is more anarchic by nature, given that some states will always be stronger than others, and no ultimate authority exists to always check or control their actions. In international relations, ethical theory is of greater importance than in domestic politics, since the world has a weak sense of community and few corresponding norms. In international politics, military strength always make right, no matter what any scholar says to the contrary. . Which is NOT a variation of liberalism? sociological liberalism institutional liberalism classical liberalism republican liberalism. The "English School" refers to...? "Third way" approach Mackinder and geopolitics anglo-saxon IR Literature on the international society. President Woodrow Wilson represents ... realism isolationism liberalism neorealism. Why, according to realists, is international cooperation difficult to achieve, even under advantageous circumstances? because states are sensitive to the relative gains of others because cooperation leaves states vulnerable to the predatory instincts of other states because states in a realist world value only absolute gains because the benefits of cooperation fall disproportionately to the most powerful states in the system, so weak states will never cooperate. For classical realists the IR is primarily ... a theory of cooperation history of wars none of these a theory of survival. Great powers are... most important states in world politics powers with nuclear weapons empires none of these. Thucydides is ... none of these is the first liberal philosofer fought the war between Sparta and Athens a Greek historian. Which is NOT among core realist assumptions IR are primarily relations of states high regard for national security pessimistic view of human nature focus on cooperation between states. Which of the following might be an example of soft power? securing the alliance of another state in an impending conflict because that state admires your cultural and political values more than it does those of the opposing state moving military resources close to the border of another state as a warning to alter its behavior imposing coercive economic sanctions on a state for its failure to crack down on domestic terrorism the use of light and swift special operations forces to carry out a precision attack with limited collateral damage. The terrorist group Al-Qaeda won a global following through the appeal of militant Islamic ideology and personal charisma of its leader, Osama bin Laden. In this specific way, the organization grew through the exercise of ... carrots, as well as sticks effective power conversion ideological power, in addition to hard power soft power. Which of the following statements would appear to be more closely associated with the realist approach to international politics? The lack of an ultimate governing authority in world politics means the world faces a constant state of war, even when the world seems to be at peace on a surface level. International institutions are not as strong as state actors but can have a measurable effect on the political system. The central actors in international politics are states, all seeking, above other considerations, to protect their interests and ensure their own survival. The difference between domestic and international politics is frequently overstated, given the increasing importance of global economic interdependence. According to Morgenthau, which of the following conditions is most likely to generate stability and peace in a realist world? the spread of democracy throughout the world changing human nature through education to make it less warlike a balance of power the emergence of a world government to eliminate anarchy from the system. When Thomas Hobbes referred to the "state of nature," he was describing a preindustrial stage of economic development a feudal system in which people are broadly accepting of their rulers a situation characterized by the absence of a higher authority that is able to enforce order a system of states that has achieved a state of peace through equal balance of power. Which of the following is the basic postulate of liberal international theory (according to Doyle)? States have an obligation to respect the equal rights of their citizens. States have the right to be free from foreign intervention. States have a duty to intervene when the basic rights of individuals are threatened anywhere in the world Strong states must protect the weak. Which of the following would be considered a realist explanation for peace between democracies? Democracies share a common norm of peaceful dispute resolution Democratic leaders are institutionally constrained by their populations from fighting other democracies. Democracies trade with each other, so war would be too costly. American hegemony has solved the security dilemma for other members of the pluralistic security community. which is NOT one of Morgenthau's six principles of political realism? international politics is driven by conflict ethics of international relations is political human nature if self-interested international relations is about cooperation between states. Shelling is ... a realist a liberal a Marxist a member of the English school. According to Doyle, what condition sufficiently explains why liberal states do not go to war against each other? Liberal states try to reach accommodations with other liberal states because liberal states are presumed to represent their citizens. Liberal states possess an inherently peace loving philosophy. Relations among states of similar political ideology result in greater commonality of purpose. Liberal leaders are more inclined to peace than leaders of non-liberal states. Neorealism rests heavily on which level of analysis? domestic system state individual. According to Mearsheimer, bipolar systems are more stable because ... there are nuclear weapons there is no competition there is mutually assured distruction the chances of miscalculation are lower. "The Tragedy of Great Power Politics" is by ... Morgenthau Hobbes Waltz Mearsheimer. A consideration of the U.S. and Russia in terms of power resources, which demonstrates a rivalry in the number of nuclear weapons but vast disparities between them in economics and state effectiveness, suggests that realist theory ... is a strong predictor of interstate tension here, since only nuclear power matters, from the standpoint of realist theory is inferior to liberal theory in its explanatory power, in regards to the renewed U.S.-Russian rivalry overlooks the importance of economic power, as well as state effectiveness cannot explain the renewed U.S.-Russian rivalry, since hard power realities do not seem to be driving it. Transnational relations are ... relations between nations relations between people, grops and organisations belonging to different countries relations between states and supranational organisations relations between multinational firms. which is NOT an inspiration for sociological liberalism: greater risk of war rise of interdependence greater civic mobilisation progress in communications. Who coined the term "international law"? Thucydides Jeremy Bentham John Locke Hobbes. According to Karl Deutsch, security communities emerge when a group of people become integrated there is a supranational organization, like the Security Council there is mutually assured distruction security professionals interact across borders. Who talked about "perpetual peace"? Immanuel Kant Jeremy Bentham Woodrow Wilson John Locke. John Locke was ... realist thinker Founding Father of the US liberal thinker religious authority. The core concern of liberalism is ... state power individual freedoms democracy good government. which is the key claim by republican liberalism? Democracies are more peaceful and law-abiding The number of democracies in the world has grown Democracy is a more stable political regime Democracies never go to war. Why do liberals believe that international institutions can help reinforce the idea, in some countries, that their national interests involve trade and good relations with other democratic countries? because states will otherwise have little choice in defining their interests, given the anarchic nature of the international system because they can help build trust among countries, and help them escape or avoid a "prisoner's dilemma" situation because international institutions such as the United Nations ensure that countries will not have to worry about survival first because every region of the world would otherwise resemble a Hobbesian state of nature without international institutions. An international regime is ... a set of rules that govern action a political regime democratic regime open to international cooperation a universal institution. Which is the key claim by institutional liberals? Institutions make up for the lack of trust between states institutions protect individual rights Institutions mitigate competition none of these. "Power and interdependence" was written by ... Mitrany John Locke Jeremy Bentham Keohane and Nye. Interdependence descreases the risk of war because ... the costs of usign force increased and the benefits declined there is less competition there is mutually assured distruction highly skilled labour refuses to go to war. Classical International Society Approach is NOT about ... pluralism competing states solidarism human beings. Why would a mercantilist likely reject an agreement by which all states are made better off but some are made better off than others are? These sorts of agreement are always difficult to sell domestically. Mercantilists care only about absolute gains. Mercantilists perceive political economy as a positive-sum game. Mercantilists prioritize the national interest and are, therefore, sensitive to the issue of relative gains. The chief difference between Marxism and mercantilism is that in Marxism the economy determines the character of the state, whereas in mercantilism the economy serves the state. in Marxism the state controls the economy, whereas in mercantilism the economy controls the state. in Marxism the state controls the economy, whereas in mercantilism the state gives free rein to economic forces. in Marxism the state controls only the domestic economy, whereas in mercantilism the state controls only foreign trade. If trade makes all states better off and maximizes world welfare, why is it a particular source of controversy? Trade only benefits those countries with efficient economies. Trade only benefits the powerful countries. Trade only benefits those states that export more than they import. Trade creates winners and losers within each country. Why would a mercantilist likely reject an agreement by which all states are made better off but some are made better off than others are? Mercantilists prioritize the national interest and are, therefore, sensitive to the issue of relative gains. These sorts of agreement are always difficult to sell domestically. Mercantilists perceive political economy as a positive-sum game. Mercantilists would assume that the ruling classes in each state would benefit the most. According to Bull, international order is aimed at resolving wars containing nuclear weapons developing an international government none of these. According to Bull, which one is not a type of justice? world justice legal justice human justice interstate justice. The ...... approach to world politics has contributed to an understanding of the growing problem of global economic inequality, despite its many weaknesses. Marxist Liberal dependency theory Neoliberal. Mercantilism in IPE gives priority to ... individual empowerment cooperation non-state actors politics between states. International Political economy deals with ... international trade wealth and poverty in the international system international economics international financial institutions. Which is NOT a theory of International Political economy Marxism mercantilism international society economic liberalism. Adam Smith represents Marxism mercantilism realism economic liberalism. Marxism in IPE gives priority to ... politics between states individual empowerment class interests cooperation. Economic liberalism gives priority to ... zero-sum games regulation individuals and private firms politics between states. According to Robert Cox, "word orders" refers to ... social forces that operate in international arena the current organization of international relations between major states, international law, and international institutions different historical periods dominated by certain world powers sets of international norms and rules. "World system analysis" was developed by ... Immanuel Kant Immanuel Wallerstein Adam Smith Robert Cox. According to Immanuel Wallerstein, capitalist world economy ... is built on a hierarchy of core, periphery, and semi-periphery core areas represent colonial powers depends on international trade regimes peripheral areas do not contribute to world economy. Robert Cox represents which school of thought neoliberal neoMarxism mercantilism neorealism. Hegemonic stability theory ... argues for a hegemony of great powers argues that a liberal world market economy needs a dominant power none of these argues that liberal rules cannot be enforced by a hegemon. Which is NOT a developing country? Mali Nigeria South Africa Bangladesh. Dependency theory is also known as ... neoliberal theory hegemonic stability theory underdevelopment theory liberal institutionalism. According to the hegemonic stability theory, .... can be seen as a hegemon China Germany United States Soviet Union. economic globalisation is ... is synonimous with global finance an international regime about a redistribution of goods based on a consolidated global marketplace for production, distribution, and consumption. The dependency theory approach to world politics was an extension of, or built upon, Marxism in that it ... borrowed heavily from liberal economic theory in suggesting that global economic interdependence would discourage war and global conflict. suggested that global capitalism would eventually lead to a worldwide Communist revolution. linked the continuing poor economic performance of underdeveloped nations to economic imperialism, while suggesting that the nature of global capitalism is increasing inequality attributed most problems of global politics to economic competition between the ownership class and the working class. According to social constructivists, ... international relations are not only relations between states international relations are driven by ideas and beliefs international relations are constructed by societies and not states international relations are driven by interests. choose the false claim social constructivism is a branch of sociology for constructivists, identities are socially constructed according to constructivists, structures exist only through the reciprocal interaction of actors for realists, identities and interests are a given. Alexander Wendt is ... a realist a social constructivist a member of the English school a Marxis. "Constructivism" was introduced in IR by ... Nicholas Onuf Mitrany Barry Buzan Alexander Wendt. Constructivist theory would suggest that renewed rivalry or tension between the U.S. and Russia stems from the idea that ... the two countries continued to see the world in dramatically different ways, despite the decline of communist ideology in Russia after the Cold War the two countries did not have much interaction with one another after the Cold War's end Russian identity was tied to its being a major power during the Cold War, one that it saw Western countries as not recognizing or respecting as time passed, following the era's end the U.S. and Russia are so culturally removed from each other than tensions were inevitable . The constructivist approach to world politics could help explain the ongoing tension between India and Pakistan by... explaining how radical Islam has affected thinking among leaders in Pakistan in recent times calling attention to the role that perceptions have played a role in keeping tensions alive, to the point of leading them into direct conflict even after both countries tested nuclear weapons calling attention to how democracy and civilian control has led India to be more responsible with its nuclear stockpile calling attention to how systemic differences have led India and Pakistan to vary in their handling of nuclear weapons. Accroding to post-structuralists, which is NOT a basic postulate of positivism an objective external reality reflexivity the subject/object distinction value-free social science. According to the ideational view of politics, ... power and national interest are the driving forces in international politics ideas are more important than power and interest ideas are the driving forces in international politics power and interests are objective. Which of the following can be said to be true of constructivist thought? Constructivists are more likely to emphasize the importance of ideas and culture in shaping international politics. Leading scholars associated with this approach see economic and class concerns as dominating and shaping global affairs. Like liberal and realistic theory, it always puts state actors at the center of international politic Security is viewed primarily in the classical sense of violence or war among states. According to the materialist view of politics, ... power and national interest are the driving forces in international politics power and interests are subjective identities are socially constructed ideas are the driving forces in international politics. According to Finnemore, which is NOT true abou international organizations they collect taxes they provide public goods they monitor agreements they can exercise power in their own right. Which one is NOT among the so-called "cultures of anarchy", according to Wendt? Hobbesian Lockean Machiavellian Kantian. Orientalism is NOT .. a post-colonial stream of literature a literary tradition a post-structuralist approach a critique of representation of former colonial subjects. Which of the following is NOT a major driver of economic globalization (Frankel)? reduced policy barriers to trade reduced policy barriers to investment the spread of free-market ideology cheaper transportation. Which of the following claims about globalization does Naim NOT make? Globalization has only winners. Globalization brings people out of poverty. Globalization has not made the world safer. Globalization is limited to the flow of cash across state borders. What are the elements of Naim's argument that globalization has not made the world less violent? The United Nations is preventing more conflicts from starting. There were only seven interstate wars between 1989 and 2003. Crime is becoming increasingly internationalized. The number of armed conflicts between states has declined in the past twenty years. What is the foundation for Naim's argument that globalization has not done away with great power politics? better regulation of the banking system in a country using access to foreign markets to encourage an export-oriented growth strategy training auditors and accountants to implement international financial codes and standards at the expense of training teachers using international pressure to reduce corruption as an opportunity to reform the legal system. Feminist theory suggests that the traditional focus on interstate relations in the study of world politics leads scholars to overlook ... the processes through which identities and interests, including those of women, are shaped at the global level the use of rape as a weapon in war, and the patriarchal nature of world leadership the negative effects of increasing economic interdependence at the global level the role of class conflict in worsening gender relations and the life chances of women worldwide. The classical Marxist and liberal views ... rely heavily on the individual level of analysis are similar in locating the causes of war in domestic politics both completely reject the use of balance of power as one of the explanatory factors of war both rely heavily on the structure of the international system as a factor in explaining the causes of war. According to realists, pursuit of the national interest can be in conflict with one's moral beliefs national interest should be defined on the basis of the state's position in the international system national interest depends on the predominant societal values domestic culture matters for foreign policy. Foreign policy does NOT involve ... interactions between think tanks and NGOs interactions between governments and transnational actors interactions between governments interactions between governments and international organizations. According to realists, in the post-Cold War era ... growing interdependence will change the nature of the international system there will be resurgence of great-power competition collective norms will prevail over the national interest there will be increased cooperation between states. According to realists, the international system ... is committed to universal values is characterised by the commitment to progress and prosperity can be understood as anarchy is driven by collective norms. Level-of-analysis approach was developed by ... Alexander Wendt Immanuel Wallerstein Robert Cox Kenneth Waltz. According to realists, the international system ... can be understood as anarchy is characterised by the commitment to progress and prosperity is driven by collective norms is committed to universal values. According to Manuel Castells, the "shrinking of time-space continuum" is ... a characteristic of the Cold War a step towards world government a defining feature of globalisation an argument for ahistorical political research. According to Pankaj Ghemawat, Globalization is limited to the flow of cash across state borders. despite globalisation, most types of economic activity still take place within the confines of the state globalisation is about Americanisation globalisation brings people out of poverty. Which is NOT one of Naim's arguments about globalisation? globalisation is about American hegemony globalisation is not about Americanisation globalisation is a new phenomenon Globalisation has not made the world a safer place. Some scholars of the realist school have looked at the modern state of international politics, and suggested that a world built upon sovereign states may be on its way out. Why might this be? a.����because more people are realizing, given the ease with which information crosses borders, that state power is socially constructed because a revolution in communications and social media, has led to a rapid decline in acceptance of state power worldwide because transnational problems, including climate change, shifting values, and the spread of disease, are threatening state power because greater economic interdependence and increasing transnational problems are bound to lead to a one-world government. Which one is NOT an international organisation? Al Quaeda United Nations Amnesty International WTO. Diplomacy does NOT involve. .. diplomatic immunity diplomatic accountability diplomatic recognition diplomatic corps. What are the two primary reasons that states are interested in international law? predictability and legitimacy arbitration and security security and the preservation of human rights legitimacy and the preservation of human rights. Self-determination is an ambiguous principle on which to decide a peoples' right to their own political fate, largely because ... fewer than 10 percent of the world's states have homogenous populations, with all residents thinking of themselves as a part of one people or nation the United Nations' charter defines it in too nuanced and complex a manner it can encourage violent minorities to run moderate forces out and leave countries to their criminal elements it is unclear as to whether it encourages groups thinking of themselves as nations to form stable states, or seek to start civil wars instead. Why did it take Iraq's 1990 invasion of Kuwait for the United Nations Security Council to successfully use collective security, after failing to use it for four decades? The invasion was a clear-cut case of state aggression against a smaller state, and, with the Cold War being over, did not involve a rivalry of permanent member state interests The invasion was such an extraordinarily clear-cut case of state aggression that smaller states convinced permanent council member states to put aside lingering rivalries and take action. Iraq and its leader, Saddam Hussein, had no allies on the council, being something of an international pariah state for its earlier attack on Iran and use of chemical weapons The end of the Cold War had created a global consensus on the need for robust, automatic United Nations responses to any threat to international security, no matter how minor. Despite the fact that the United Nations plays a central role in addressing international issues ranging from international security to global development, health and disease, and crime, the organization ... is considered entirely ineffectual by most observers, who have issued continuing calls for reforms despite member state reluctance to support them has a smaller annual budget than that of many large cities and national agencies, and remains less powerful than many of its founders hoped it would be is hobbled by the fact that none of its actions can ever be considered binding on states is far less effective, on the whole, than international economic organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) in addressin and alleviating these concerns . World Trade Organisation is ... a regional organisation an international financial institution a UN agency an international organisation. The UN was founded in ... 1918 1945 1948 1989. Which one is NOT a UN agency? International Atomic Energy Agency Food and Agriculture Organisation Save the Children International Labour Organisation. Which is NOT true about the International Court of Justice it hears cases by states its judges are elected by the General Assembly it is a judicial arm of the UN it hears cases by individuals. Which is NOT part of the UN structure UN Secretariate UN Council UN Security Council UN General Assembly. An international organisation with universal membership is ... League of Nations WTO EU UN. "All Human biengs are born equal in dignity" comes from ... UN Charter European Convention on Human Rights Universal Declaration of Human Rights Declaration of Independence. Which is not a group of rights? political cultural civil ethnic. Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted in ... 1948 1945 1918 1989 . Human rights are NOT ... egualitarian bound by sovereignty fundamental inalienable. Who is NOT part of transnational relations? activist networks terrorist networks ministerial networks criminal networks. Which one is NOT an advocacy technique used by transnational advocacy networks? alliances for leverage produce and spread information "naming and shaming" class action. In the traditional form of international politics, how would people in a society put pressure on a government that is not their own? They would ask their own government, through regular domestic politics, to talk to the other government through regular international politics They would put pressure on the subunits of their own government, which would contact the subunits of the target government and try to convince them to influence that state's policies. They would contact the target state directly through protest or advocacy groups They would contact similar-minded individuals in the citizenry of the target government and influence them to seek change through their regular domestic political process. The many private organizations known as Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) have assumed global importance in recent years because ... the information revolution has allowed NGOs of all sizes to promote their causes and mobilize populations across borders the information revolution and their smaller sizes allow them to target populations interested in specific issues or sets of issues, something governments cannot easily do populations worldwide are treating information from states with great suspicion, leading them to seek information from other, more dependable sources the largest ones, at least, have higher budgets than the United Nations, not to mention most other countries . Transnational advocacy networks are ... unite law experts unite activists across borders to deal with certain issues are created by international organisations unite policy experts. The weak state ... has supranational elements in its statehood is protectionist in its policies has inefficient and corrupt administrative structures has a national economy that is much less self-sustained than it used to be. The post-modern state ... lacks the monopoly of violence has supranational elements in its statehood is protectionist in its policies depends on external economic interests. According to Jackson and Sorensen, the "insecurity dilemma" in weak states means that ... the state poses no security threat the state becomes a threat to its own society the state is a threat to its immediate neighbours the state is a threat to the world order. A "fragile state" is ... a postmodern state a modernising state a weak state a post-colonial state. What major change in the nature of warfare during the last century raises important issues about the obligation of the UN to intervene in the internal affairs of member states, according to Annan? A century ago, unofficial rules bound combatants to codes of ethical behavior, but no such codes exist today. An increasing proportion of the casualties of war are civilians. Wars today last longer than they did at the start of the twentieth century. Nuclear weapons are so destructive that intervention to prevent a state from acquiring them may be justified. An international relations researcher who sees international institutions such as the United Nations as being of high importance, is more than likely to be associated with the ..... of the ...... Dependency theory school, Marxist paradigm new institutionalist school, liberal paradigm neoliberal form, liberal paradigm political form, liberal paradigm. Despite the fact that the United Nations plays a central role in addressing international issues ranging from international security to global development, health and disease, and crime, the organization ..... is considered entirely ineffectual by most observers, who have issued continuing calls for reforms despite member state reluctance to support them has a smaller annual budget than that of many large cities and national agencies, and remains less powerful than many of its founders hoped it would be is hobbled by the fact that none of its actions can ever be considered binding on states is far less effective, on the whole, than international economic organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) in addressing and alleviating these concerns. Scottish nationalists who pushed for a 2015 vote on independence from the United Kingdom, one they ultimately lost, were determined to achieve ... self-determination, or the right to form a state of their own self-government, or the right to govern their own affairs, inasmuch as possible the right to exit the United Kingdom in favor of joining the European Union the right to secede, as was recognized and widely supported internationally. The "responsibility to protect" doctrine does not include which responsibility on the international community? protection of citizens from crimes against humanity protection of citizens from government suppression protection of citizens from war crimes protection of citizens against ethnic cleansing. . Which one is NOT a type of war? hegemonic war total war "frozen" war hybrid war. Irredentism is ... enforcement of a state's economic interests by military means efforts by a region to secede from the existing state regaining territory lost to another state enforcement of a state's political interests by military means. Secession is ... regaining territory lost to another state efforts by a region to secede from the existing state transition of power from an authoirtarian leader to his chosen successor regime change . Negative peace means ... absence of peace unstable peace none of these cessation of hostilities. Peacekeeping forces ... are a neutral force between the warring parties interfere in case of ceasefire violations are funded by the warrig parties gain their authority from the government. Peacebuilding is about ... reaching a ceasefire none of these facilitating the transition to a sustainable peace monitoring the ceasefire. Which one is NOT among possible causes of conflict? territorial disputes mobilisation of ethnic hatred economic interests rigged elections. Peacebuilding does NOT involve reconstruction projects disarmament military action elections of transitional governments. Which organisation deals with war crimes? International Criminal Court United Nations International war crimes tribunal UN Court of Justice. UN peacekeeping forces were ineffective in which country in 1994? Rwanda South Africa Yugoslavia Somalia. Which of the following is true of the acquisition of nuclear weapons by terrorists or nonstate actors? The IAEA regularly inspects both state and nonstate nuclear weapons facilities. Although unsuccessful in constructing a nuclear weapon, it has been proven that al-Qaeda has acquired reasonable amounts of fissile material. The fall of the Soviet Union has made the acquisition of nuclear material by terrorist groups more difficult The basic fissile material, infrastructure, and technical expertise required to develop a nuclear weapon is very difficult to muster. The difficulty of establishing nuclear programs slowed the spread of nuclear proliferation in the last century, but may not do so in in the contemporary age because ... high technology is now more available globally, and at lower prices, while the end of the Cold War brought with it an end to protection of nuclear satellite states of the former Soviet Union the U.S. is unable to act alone today in preventing smaller states from developing nuclear weapons the International Atomic Energy Agency has been in disarray from budget cuts in recent times, as the United Nations has other budgetary priorities treaties and institutions that restricted proliferation are no longer enforced since the end of the Cold War. what kind of arms are most spread in the world? weapons of mass distrcution small arms and light weapons nuclear weapons heavy weapons. Which are NOT weapons of mass distruction? nuclear weapons biological weapons chemical weapons land mines. Which claim is false? terrorism is an old phenomenon terrorism can only be perpetuated by non-state actors. terrorism is a new phenomenon terrorism is by definition transnational. Which claim is false? terrorists are recruited both in developed and developing countries terrorists depend on high-tech technologies the War on Terror may have increased the recruitment potential to international terrorism open societies are vulnerable to terrorism. Which of the following is an indirect consequence of violence? loss of life prevention cost destruction instability . According to the World Bank, violence is on the decline around the world. What examples does it provide? Ideological wars have declined. Deaths in civil wars have fallen. Organized crime is increasingly rare. Repeated violence and conflict has diminished. What distinguishes an act of violent crime from an act of terrorism? By definition, terrorism-unlike violent crime-involves inflicting violence against innocent people. Terrorist acts are generally better organized than acts of violent crime. The purpose or motivation underlying the act is different. Terrorist acts involve significantly greater violence than acts of violent crime. Why is it especially difficult for democracies to engage in repression of a terrorist group over time? It requires heavy expenditure of military resources, which are not sustainable over time unless the leadership of a state is also the leadership of its military establishment. It requires distinguishing targets from the rest of the population, often undermining civil liberties and changing the very nature of the state. It requires consistent application, which is undermined by regular changes in leadership with different ideas and policies. It requires consistent determination by a majority of the population, which has historically been lost to greater concerns over economy and other domestic policy decisions. The growth of al Qaeda, a transnational terrorist organization not tied to any traditional state, is tied most crucially to which aspect of globalization? social, since the organization was initially established to spread ideas about Islamic religion and global jihad worldwide informational, given how al Qaeda exclusively relies upon modern video and Internet technologies in spreading its ideas worldwide political, since its violence is tied to specifically political ideas about state constitutional arrangements military, given that it is part of a network of operatives worldwide who employ force, often against civilian targets, in their operation.

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