Human perf 3

A pilot will become skilled when he or she: 1. trains or practises regularly 2. knows how to manage himself/herself 3. possesses all the knowledge associated with the aircraft 4. knows how to keep resources in reserve for coping with the unexpected. 1, 2 and 4. 1, 3 and 4. 1, 2 and 3. 2, 3 and 4.

With regard to training and assessment of pilots, which of the following is one of the eight "core competencies" defined by ICAO Doc 9995?. Situational awareness. Technical Knowledge. Determination. Superiotity.

With regard to Threat and Error Management (TEM), resources like Ground Proximity Warning Systems (GPWS) and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) are examples for which type of countermeasures?. Systemic-based. Hardware-based. Automation-based. Liveware-based.

With regard to Threat and Error Management (TEM), which of the following is an example of a "hard" systemic-based countermeasure that flight crew use to manage threats, errors and undesired aircraft states?. Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS). Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). Using standards in communication. Reporting incidents to the Operator's Management System.

How can the SHELL model affect the work in the cockpit?. It can help to identify possible sources of error, and help to remove possible causes of error in the performance of flying tasks. The Hardware-Liveware interface addresses the ability of the flight crew to adapt to the physical environment such as seating, placing of the aircraft controls and air quality. The Software-Liveware interface refers to cockpit-automation only and can be the source of error if the flight crew have a lack of knowledge of computer systems and the databases are not up to date. The SHELL model only depicts relevance to work in the cockpit if the flight is conducted as multi-crew operation.

Consider a situation in which an aircraft landed with less than required fuel on board. It turns out that only the number in the technical log was incorrect, but the actual fuel amount was above the required minimum. In the sense of "just-culture", how should the operator react to encourage trust and collaboration?. This type of unintended mistake should be reported and discussed to prevent further errors, but should NOT be punished. This type of mistake should should have severe consequence to prevent further errors and should be punished. This type of mistake can occur due to the procedures incorporating handwriting and paperwork and should not further be investigated. This type of mistake must be considered as unacceptable, indicating lack of awareness for risks and hazards leading to a reduction in flight.

With regard to James Reason, an aviation organisation "that collects and analyses relevant data and actively disseminates safety information", follows which component of safety culture?. informed culture. learning culture. reporting culture. just culture.

The basic concept of a Safety Management System (SMS) include: hazard identification and risk management. threat and error management. first-aid kits and recurrent first-aid training. quality assurance and liability.

An organisation which collects and analyses relevant data relates to which component of 'safety culture'?. Informed. Learning. Just. Reporting.

isk management becomes more effective with a/an _____ as a component of the safety culture. informed culture. no blame culture. justification culture. flexible culture.

With regard to Carbon Monoxide (CO), which of the following statements is correct? 1. Carbon Monoxide is especially dangerous because it is color- and odourless. 2. CO poisoning shows symptoms similar to flu, but without high temperature. 1 is correct, 2 is correct. 1 is correct, 2 is incorrect. 1 is incorrect, 2 is correct. 1 is incorrect, 2 is incorrect.

Which of the following factors may lead to coronary artery disease? 1. Chronic stress 2. Family history. 1 is correct, 2 is correct. 1 is incorrect, 2 is incorrect. 1 is correct, 2 is incorrect. 1 is incorrect, 2 is correct.

Which answer names only sub-categories of threats in accordance with the TEM concept?. Organisation, environment. Aircraft condition, communication. Ground navigation, communication. Aircraft handling, procedures.

Which statement regarding the cones is true?. They are mainly located in the fovea. They are insensitive to lack of oxygen. They enable the night vision. They are concentrated at the peripheral visual field.

Which of the following statements regarding the fovea is correct?. It is the area of the highest acuteness of vision because of the high concentration of cones. It is the area of the highest acuteness of vision because of the high concentration of rods. It is the area where no vision is generated because neither cones nor rods are located there. It is the area of peripheral vision because of the high concentration of rods and cones.

One of the requirements for checklists is: The pages should to be divided using protruding thumb-locators. All words are supposed to be in upper case for faster reading. The same colour for text should be used for consistency. They must contain good cross-referencing to keep lists short.

During the phase of paradoxical sleep... rapid eye movements can be observed. physical restoration and recuperation occurs. respiration is regular. the rhythm of the heart is regular.

The description of the term "Environmental capture" includes: 1. Tendency for a skill to be executed in an environment in which it is frequently exercised 2. Tendency for a skill acquired in one aircraft type to be executed in a new aircraft type, even if it is inappropriate to do so 3. Tendency for people to behave in different ways in different social situations 4. Gaining of environmental skills. 1 and 2. 2 and 3. 1 and 3. 2 and 4.

The adaptation to light... is done separately by each eye. takes about 15 minutes. concerns about the ability of the lens to focus at different distances. is faster for the rods than for the cones.

Examples of physiological stressors are... heat, humidity, fatigue, financial problems and human conflict. hunger, thirst, cold and a long-standing divorce proceeding. noise, temperature (low or high), humidity and sleep deprivation. noise, conflicts, temperature (low or high) and death of a friend.

Define the word competency, according to Annex 1 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation: It is described as a combination of skills, knowledge and attitudes required to perform a task to the prescribed standard. It is a mental state of being sufficiently qualified, having the ability to perform a specific role. It is a collection of age, cognitive skills and determination. It is the identification and interpretation of individual situations.

Which statement regarding the percentage of oxygen in cabin air is correct?. It is the same as at sea level. It changes with cabin altitude. It is proportional to the cabin pressure. It drops during a rapid decompression.

In case of a failure indication on the engine panel, state in which order the brain stores and processes information from the instruments: 1. Visual image of abnormal values stored in sensory store (1 second) 2. Attention consciously focused on indications 3. Looking at the gauges. 1, 3 then 2. 1, 2 then 3. 3, 1 then 2. 3, 2 then 1.

The onset of motion sickness may be supported by: anxiety. Matching visual and sensory inputs. Frequent flying. Fatigue.

Assuming a night flight at 10000 feet, when you notice that the visual acuity decreases, you should ... breathing supplementary oxygen. close your eyes for 15 minutes. scan the sectors of the field of vision. dim the instrument lights.

With regard to group role behaviour, which of the following statements is correct? 1. People with different goals often adopt different roles. 2. Roles may be defined by expectations associated with a position. 1 is correct, 2 is correct. 1 is correct, 2 is incorrect. 1 is incorrect, 2 is correct. 1 is incorrect, 2 is incorrect.

The cognitive resources in the human brain... are limited and make it impossible to perform two attentional tasks at the same time. are not limited and make it easy to perform multiple attentional tasks at the same time. are so limited that even the easiest task can hardly be done with reasonable attention. are limited for some people only, but are virtually unlimited for healthy adults.

For which pilots may mental rehearsal be helpful to improve their flying skills?. For pilots at all levels of flying proficiency. For student pilots but not instructors. For first officers but not for captains. Only for pilots with little flying experience.

In human short-term memory, information is stored for approximately... 20 seconds. 30 minutes. 90 seconds. 24 hours.

With regard to use of automation, which of the following statements is correct? 1. When used meaningful and with awareness of its weaknesses and dangers, Automation adds to overall safety of flight. 2. Manual flying should be restricted to VMC, automation should be used in IMC to support more complex instrument situations. 1 is correct, 2 is incorrect. 1 is correct, 2 is correct. 1 is incorrect, 2 is incorrect. 1 is incorrect, 2 is correct.

Strict adherence to Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)…. is regarded as a valuable strategy within Threat and Error Management scenarios. makes the use of checklists superfluous as all checklists are based on SOPs and these procedures will be well known by flight crews. is not recommended, as this slows down the efficient flow of processes. is not necessary, as only experienced and well-trained personnel are authorised to operate an aircraft, making incidents unlikely.

To improve the night vision (scotopic vision), a pilot should... not smoke before start and during flight and avoid flash-blindness. not eat food containing high amounts of vitamin A. give the eyes 60 minutes for night adaption before he / she takes off. select meals with high contents of vitamin B and C.

A physiological stressor is... a stimulus that produces a change in any of the homeostatic mechanisms of the body. a force acting on an individual's mental system. the human body's generic response to demands put upon it, irrespective of the demand. a means of coping with a stressful situation.

Which stetement about Stress Exposure Training (SET) is correct?. It is a long-term stress management method that can improve performance in flight operations, if integrated in a continuous professional training programme. It is a short-term stress management method that can improve tolerance to stress in flight operations, if integrated in a continuous professional training programme. It is a symptom-directed coping strategy for reducing stress in the long term, improving the capacity of the pilot to modify how he/she reacts to stressors in flight. This programme is a strategy for managing chronic stress, and it can help pilots to cope with all potential stressors in flight in an effective manner and in the long term.

The term "stress" can be defined as... the unresolved pressure, strain or force acting upon an individual's physical or mental systems and the human response. a feeling of well-being enabling difficult tasks to be completed more easily when maximum level of stress is felt. a pressure acting on the individual's mental system, which inhibits completion of even the simplest tasks. a physical limit acting upon the individual's physical systems, always resulting in improved performance.

Regarding forms of learning, what is meant by the term modelling. Completing a task by imitation. Using a familiar solution for a problem. Using trial and error to complete a task. Testing new solutions for a routine task.

In case an aircraft encounters an undesired aircraft state (UAS), the immediate required action by the crew is to: take countermeasures to restore safety margins and recover normal operating state. focus both crew members on fixing the error that lead to the undesired aircraft state. proceed with the undesired state and request assistance by ATC. monitor the situation closely for detailed analysis during de-briefing.

Which of the following statements regarding carbon dioxide is correct?. Carbon dioxide is a normal product of internal respiration. Carbon dioxide is approximately 17 % of ambient air at FL 180. Carbon dioxide is increased in the blood and the brain when hyperventilating. Carbon dioxide may reach toxic levels in the flight deck due to incomplete fuel combustion.

The circulation of blood... carries oxygen to the cells and conveys nutrients to the cells. conveys nutrients to the cells and transports waste products to the cells.

The pulse rate... has a normal range of 60-100 beats per minute. gives the cardiac output when multiplying it by the blood pressure. is the only reliable indicator of hypoxia. is unaffected by emotions.

To reduce the risk of coronary artery disease, exercise that increases the resting heart rate for at least [1] ___ should be taken [2] ___ a week. 1] 20 minutes [2] three times. 1] 30 minutes [2] three times. 1] 30 minutes [2] four times. 1] 20 minutes [2] two times.

Relating to hypoxia, short-term memory impairment starts at an altitude of approximately... 12000 ft. 7000 ft. 20000 ft. 30000 ft.

Up to an altitude of ___ breathing of pure oxygen (without pressure) will be sufficient. 40000 ft. 30000 ft.

What may be a result of hyperventilation?. The exhalation of an increased amount of carbon dioxide can cause muscular spasms and unconsciousness. It can lead to cyanosis, causing the finger nails and lips to turn blue. A lot of oxygen reaches the brain. An improvement in peripheral and scotopic vision.

In case of a rapid decompression, the actions taken by the flight deck crew should be (in correct order): (1) put on oxygen masks, (2) emergency descent below FL 100, (3) declare emergency and ask for QNH. 1) declare emergency, (2) put on oxygen masks, (3) emergency descent below FL 100. (1) put on oxygen masks, (2) emergency descent for 10.000 ft, (3) declare emergency.

Which of the following factors affect the physiological reaction to a 3G acceleration of a human body? 1. Onset rate, magnitude and duration of the acceleration. 2. Aircraft speed and altitude. 1 is correct, 2 is incorrect. 1 is incorrect, 2 is incorrect. 1 is correct, 2 is correct. 1 is incorrect, 2 is correct.

Carbon monoxide ... is found in the smoke of cigarettes and increases the smoker's physiological altitude. connects five times faster to the haemoglobin than oxygen. has no physiological effect when mixed with oxygen.

Which of the following statements regarding the single parts of the blood and the state of their function are correct?. Red cells carry oxygen, white cells are involved in immunity and platelets clot blood. Red cells carry oxygen, white cells clot blood and platelets are involved in immunity. Red cells clot blood, white cells are involved in immunity and platelets carry oxygen. Red cells are involved in immunity, white cells carry oxygen and platelets clot blood.

Which of the following statements regarding information is true?. 70 % of information processed by man enters via the visual channel. Hearing is the sense which collects most information in man. 50 % of information processed by man enters via the visual channel. The kinaesthetic channel provides the most important information.

Situations in which crew members first notice an aural warning, then no further realize the sound while continuing approach through bad weather conditions, can be taken as an example for (1) ___ and may have implications on (2) ___. (1) habituation, (2) flight safety. (1) adaption, (2) flight safety.

Sensory adaptation can be defined as... an adjustment of the brain while flying a curve with an unchanged turn rate for more than 30 seconds. an adjustment of the brain in a constant level flight. an adjustment of the rods and cones of the eye. an adjustment of the body for a better treatment of g-forces.

Accommodation, which enables a clear image to be obtained, is achieved by... the crystalline lens. the rods. the cones. the pupil.

How is the ability of the lens called, to alter its shape and focal length?. Accommodation. Binocular vision. Binocular vision. Adaptation.

Which of the following statements regarding central vision is correct? 1. It is achieved by the rods 2. It enables details, colours and movement to be seen 3. It represents the zone where the cones are concentrated 4. It is very active during the day and at night. 2 and 3. 1, 3 and 4. 2, 3 and 4. 1 and 4.

When moving from darkness to light, the eyes need up to what time for a complete adaption?. 10 seconds. 5 minutes. 10 minutes. 30 seconds.

Which statement regarding colour blindness is correct?. It is subtle and can only be recognised when using specialised tests. It is more common in women than men. It may affect visual acuity. It can be treated by laser surgery.

Which of the following can cause a conductive hearing loss? 1. A damage to the ossicles in the middle ear caused by infection or trauma. 2. A damage of the auditory nerve. 3. An occlusion in the outer ear. 4. A ruptured tympanic membrane. 1, 3 and 4. 2, 3 and 4. 1, 2 and 3. 1 and 4.

Presbycusis... results in an impaired hearing of high tones first. leads to an impaired hearing of low tones first. results in an impaired hearing of all tones equally. will not affect a pilot's hearing if he/she is always wearing ear-plugs.

The inner ear can detect: 1. angular acceleration 2. linear acceleration 3. Noise. 1, 2, 3. 2, 3. 1, 2. 2 only.

The ___ of the vestibular apparatus is/are responsible for the detection of angular acceleration. semicircular canals. cochlea. sacculus and utriculus. Eustachian tube.

With regard to sensory inputs and illusions, which of the following statements is correct? 1. All human senses are often subject to competing sensory inputs that may create illusions. 2. Humans usually trust "vision" as their primary and most accurate sense even with other conflicting sensory inputs. 1 is correct, 2 is correct. 1 is correct, 2 is incorrect. 1 is incorrect, 2 is correct. 1 is incorrect, 2 is incorrect.

Conflicts between the visual and the vestibular system can be caused by: 1. illusions concerning the attitude of the aircraft 2. autokinetic illusion 3. illusions when estimating the size and distance of objects 4. illusions of rotation. Conflicts between the visual and the vestibular system can be caused by: 1. illusions concerning the attitude of the aircraft 2. autokinetic illusion 3. illu. 1 and 4. 1, 3 and 4. 2 and 4.

When can an illusion of obtaining greater height above ground occur?. When suddenly flying over small trees after prolonged flying over tall trees. When accelerating at low altitudes. When decelerating at low altitudes. When flying over high terrain in good meteorological conditions.

With regard to visual illusions during flight, which of the following statements is correct? 1. During flight in VMC in bright light with good visibility, visual separation from other aircraft may be difficult. 2. Also healthy eyes may suffer from near-sightedness in stimulus-free environment. 1 is correct, 2 is correct. 1 is incorrect, 2 is correct. 1 is correct, 2 is incorrect. 1 is incorrect, 2 is incorrect.

Assuming an approach at daytime in snowy conditions and without reference to glide slope information... judgement of height is highly difficult. pilots tend to perform a low approach. estimation of height and distance is not a problem for a well-trained pilot.

When flying in the clouds, "Flicker vertigo" can be avoided by... switching off the strobe-lights. dimming the cockpit lights to avoid reflections. engaging the autopilot until flying out of the clouds. flying straight and level and avoiding head movements.

What happens to the body when flying a coordinated level turn?. It makes the body's pressure receptors feel an increased pressure along the body's vertical axis. First it gives the impression of climb followed by the impression of descent. It causes a blood stasis in the head. It makes the seat-of-the-pants sense feel a decreased pressure along the body's vertical axis.

When accelerating in level flight, the otoliths in the utriculus/sacculus gives the illusion of... climbing. descending. turning.

Assuming a flight in IMC, what illusion could the pilot get, when stopping the rotation to recover from a spin?. The illusion of spinning in the opposite direction. The illusion of turning in the same direction. The illusion of a nose down movement. The illusion that the aircraft stabilises immediately.

During a visual final approach at night a pilot realises that their capacity to judge the distance from the runway is diminished. They should…. ask the control tower to dim the runway lights. ask the control tower to brighten the runway lights. try to focus on the threshold zone lights. try to focus on the runway end lights.

When flying during daylight pilots should consider wearing sunglasses with (1) _____ and (2) _____ to protect the retina and prevent cataracts. 1) 100% UV protection (UV400); (2) non-polarized plastic lenses. (1) 100% UV protection (UV400); (2) polarized glass lenses. (1) certified blue light protection; (2) non-polarized glass lenses.

When flying at high altitudes, the visual acuity can be affected by... carbon monoxide poisioning, smoking, age and hypoxia. a lack of vitamin A, hypoxia, age and autokinesis. hypoxia, carbon monoxide poisioning and a vitamin deficiency.

With regard to spatial illusion or disorientation, the decription "cross-coupled response to a stimulation of the semicircular canals in two different planes" refers to: Coriolis effect. Vertigo. Spatial disorientation. Autokinesis.

With regard to body temperature and relevance to sleep, which of the following statements is correct? 1. Circadian variation in body temperature is the same for most people adapted to local time. 2. Body temperature is critical for determining timing, duration and quality of sleep. 1 is correct, 2 is correct. 1 is correct, 2 is incorrect. 1 is incorrect, 2 is correct. 1 is incorrect, 2 is incorrect.

The duration of a human circadian rhythm is about... 25 hours. 36 hours. 12 hours.

REM-sleep... 1. is the most important phase for the regeneration of mental functions. 2. becomes shorter with any repeated sleep cycle during the night. 1 is correct, 2 is false. 1 and 2 are both correct. 1 is false, 2 is correct. 1 and 2 are false.

To reduce the effects of barotrauma of the middle ear, you should... close the mouth, pinch the nose tight and blow out, swallow at the same time or yawn. raise the rate of descent. stop climbing and start descending.

Why is the pain in the ear worse during the descent than climb?. The air in the middle ear is at a lower pressure than the cabin, closing the Eustachian tube and preventing pressure equalisation. The air pressure in the inner ear increases more slowly than the cabin's, exceeding the time taken to equalise the pressure between the middle ear and environment. During the descent the cabin altitude increases faster than the Eustachian tube can open.

An excessive consumption of caffeine can be defined as... 250 mg/day. 150 mg/day.

How long takes a blood/alcohol level of 60 mg/100 ml (equivalent to 0.6 promille) to return to normal level?. approximately 4 hours. approximately 12 hour. approximately 16 hours.

In case before flight, you realize that on of your crew members shows signs of alcoholism, how should the situation be assessed?. Misuse of alcohol makes "unfit to fly" until the crew member is considered recovered by a medical professional. Misuse of alcohol makes "unfit to fly" until the crew member has become completely sober after sleeping. The briefing should include instructions for minimum work interaction during flight to reduce risk of failures.

Who is responsible to ensure that self medication has no adverse effect on the body?. The concerned person itself. The aeromedical examiner. The aeromedical centre.

Which known disease is usually diagnosed in adulthood and may increase the risk of suffering from cardiovascular disease?. Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Hypertension.

A normal respiratory rate of an adult person at rest is about ___ breaths per minute. 10 to 15. 15 to 25.

When a pilot goes snorkelling, what is the time limit between the snorkelling and the following flight?. No time limit. 24 hours.

With regard to signs of reduced vigilance (hypovigilance), being in a state of reduced vigilance can be indicated by: 1. Crew member silent for some minutes 2. Staring at the instruments without moving 3. Looking at the instruments without noticing the indications 4. Omitting checklist items in emergency situations. 1, 2 and 3. 1, 2 and 3. 2, 3 and 4. 2 and 4.

Which of the given tasks can be done simultaneously without compromising either task?. Maintain manual straight and level flight and solve a problem. Listen attentively to a person and solve a problem. Talk to somebody and rehearse a frequency in working memory.

The most critical types of perceptual illusions include: 1. Visual illusion 2. Kinaesthetic illusion 3. Auditory illusion 4. Vestibular illusion 5. Geometric illusion 6. Neurological illusion. 1, 2 and 3. 2, 5 and 6. 1, 3 and 5. 4, 5 and 6.

The main limits of short-term memory include: 1. very sensitive to interruptions and interference 2. difficult to access 3. limited in size 4. prone to lose information within approximately 20 seconds unless it is actively or deliberately placed into the long-term memory. 1, 3 and 4. 1, 2 and 3. 2, 3 and 4. , 2 and 4.

Which of the following statements correctly defines "semantic memory"?. It is the meaning of words and general knowledge of the world; it lasts for a longer period of time than episodic memory and tends to be more accurate. It is the memory of events; it lasts for a longer period of time than episodic memory and tends to be more accurate. It is the meaning of words and general knowledge of the world; it lasts for a shorter period of time than episodic memory and tends to be less accurate.

With respect to Anderson's model, the acquisition of a skill includes which three stages?. Cognitive, associative and autonomous. Cognitive, associative and knowledge. Connective, autonomous and expert.

What is the effect of motivation on an individual completing a task?. Motivation reflects the difference between what an individual can do and what the individual will do. Motivation is considered to have no influence on the performance of an individual. Motivation will affect the time taken by an individual to complete a task but will not affect the result. Motivation always narrows attention and therefore influences the completion of tasks in a negative way.

Which of the statements below is correct with regards to motivation?. Excessive motivation leads to stress, which adversely affects performance. Motivation reduces the susceptibility to somatogravic illusion. A high degree of motivation can always make up for insufficient knowledge.

While in cruise, the flight crew receives terrain proximity caution sounds in the cockpit. The pilot believes that the auditory alert is associated with a configuration warning but has misidentified the warning and furthermore applies the wrong procedures. What behavioural error can this be associated with?. Rule-based behaviour. Skill-based behaviour. Procedure-based behaviour. Knowledge-based behaviour.

Factors having a negative impact on human reliability include: 1. Complacency 2. Low or medium workload 3. Fatigue 4. Distraction 5. Missing awareness. 1, 3, 4 and 5. 1, 2, 3 and 5. 1, 2, 3 and 4.

The expression "when perception matches reality" is a description for the term: Situation Awareness. Cockpit synergy.

With regard to James Reason, different categories of error include: 1. Slips and Lapses 2. Faults and oversights 3. Mistakes 4. Omissions and deficiencies 5. Violations 6. Flaws and anomalies. 1, 3 and 5. 1, 2 and 3. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6.

A situation where an airline reduces costs by reductions in flight training departement is an example for... a latent error. an active error. a violation.

Examples illustrating factors in external error generation in the flight crew compartment are: 1. Ergonomic: distraction followed by non-operation related discussions. 2. Economic: accepting a shortcut from ATC resulting in a too close turn to approach with following unstable approach. 1 is incorrect, 2 is correct. 1 is correct, 2 is incorrect.