Lingua inglese 5

"the parts of meaning that can be explained by knowledge of the physical and social world, and the socio-psychological factors influencing communication, as well the knowledge of the time and place in which the words are said." is defined: context. text. function. co-text.

Discourse analysis emphasizes. the context. the structure of the text. none of the above. the social principles of discourse.

The text/discourse is therefore "meaningful and unified". This quality is called: coherence or relevance. function. cohesion. coherence, not relevance.

the study of how the assumption of relevance holds texts together meaningfully is defined by. the context. the felicity condition. the relevance theory. the cooperative principle.

the speaker's purpose(s) in speaking is called: function. cohesion. coherence. pragmatics.

When the referent is mentioned for the first time in a text, we call it. anaphoric. exophoric. deictic. endophoric.

we already know about the entities mentioned in a text, we talk about. anaphoric reference. grammatical reference. elliptic reference. endophoric reference.

What is a reference?. an act in which the speaker(s) use linguistic forms to identify the entity being referred to. none of the above. an act in which the speaker(s) use linguistic forms NOT to enable the hearer to identify the entity being referred to. an act in which the speaker(s) use linguistic forms to enable the hearer to identify the entity being referred to.

The situational context refers to. none of the above. what speakers knows of the world. the speakers' knowledge. what speakers knows of the environment surrounding them.

We can devide the backgound knowledge into. personal and interpersonal knowledge. cultural general knowledge and interpersonal knowledge. general knowledge and relevance knowledge. primary and secondary knowledge.

When a referring expression points to entities that have been already mentioned in a previous conversation, we talk about. deixis. intertextuality. cooperative principle. situational context.

Co-text is: the context of the text we are dealing with. our cultural context. a special vocabulary people share. what people know of the way of the world.

How many types of endophora are there?. 3. 4. 2. just one.

"I eat lamb and veal: I really love meat". In this sentece, "meat" is: a synonim. a Superordinate. an ellipsis. a substitution.

"I hate this stuff! Why do I have to study it?". In this sentence, the word "stuff" is: a cataphora. a substitution. a general word. a superordinate.

Who theorized Speech Acts?. Searle. Saussure. Austin. Culpeper.

behind every utterance there is always a performative verb: this is. the performative hypothesis. the performative act. the cooperative principle. the felicity condition.

Discourse can be analyzed through two approaches: anaphora and cataphora. discourse and conversation analysis. exchange structure and conversation exchange structure and conversation analysis. the 5 micro-classes.

ordering, requesting, commanding, inviting... are all examples of: directives. expressives. commissives. declarations.

the words that commit the speaker to future actions are called. representatives. conversational. commissive. illocutionary acts.

"I command" is an example of: superordinate. substitution. declaration. deixis.

speech acts that not always are supported by a performative verb are called. implicit performatives. illocutionary acts. felicity acts. cooperative performatives.

ellipsis omits part of the discourse because. the hearer/reader is not interested. is absent. the hearer does not want to know. the hearer/reader already knows.

Substitution______ repetitions in a text. avoids. adds. omits. produces.

How many maxims do we have, according to Grice?. infinite. 3. 2: truth and lie. 4.

The cooperative principle was theorized by. John Austin. Paul Grice. Lakoff. John Searle.

When we provide new information by filling in the missing words, we are performing. Bald on Record Politeness. Bald on Record Impoliteness. an explicature. an implicature.

The degree of Relevance Theory is governed by. contextual effects and processing effort. a strong processive effort. contextual effects without considering any effort. Grice's four Maxims.

Relevance Theory was theorized by. Sperber and Austin. Sperber and Wilson. Sperber and Grice. Wison and Austin.

Leech's approach to politeness has ____ principles. 3. 4. 6. 2.

When was Politeness: Some universals in language usage published?. 1978. 1970. 1987. 1967.

The concept of "face" was theorized for the first time by. Brown and Levinson. Culpeper and Levinson. Lakoff and Leech. Goffman.

According to Leech, absolute politeness is: more powerful than relative politeness. less powerful than relative politeness. none of the above. as powerful as relative politeness.

Which of these maxim is NOT included in Leech's Polite Principle?. Tact Maxim. Simpathy Maxim. Modesty Maxim. Honesty Maxim.

Polite Principle was theorized by. Austin. Culpeper. Lakoff. Searle.

politeness as a reducer of social friction according to. Austin. Searle. Lakoff. Culpeper.

implicit messages the hearer addresses to the speaker are. explicatures. swearwords. implicatures. off-record.

Politeness started to be studied during the. the last twenty years. 1950s. 1970s. 1960s.

Polite Principle has _____ principles. 3. 2. 6. 4.

when we go on record, we have ______ intentions. clear. hidden. second. ambiguous.

when we go off record, the speech will be: direct. clear. ambiguous. fully comprehensible.

Which of these strategies is NOT included when we go off record?. metaphors. rethorical questions. irony. offers.

Bald on record means. to speak as directly and clearly as possible. to speak by omitting information. to enrich our discourse with rethorical figures. to speak ambiguously.

relative power of the speaker and the hearer is. the right has the speaker to perform an act. the degree the speaker has to perform an act. the degree of familiarity and solidarity they share. the measure the speaker can impose his/her will on the hearer.

social distance between the speaker and the hearer is: the measure the speaker can impose his/her will on the hearer. the right has the speaker to perform an act. the degree the speaker has to perform an act. the degree of familiarity and solidarity they share.

Poststructuralism was born. during the 1940s, initially, and from the 1950s on. during the 1950s. during the 1960s. in 1978, with the publication of Brown and Levinson's book.

Impoliteness depends on. when someone says something rather than where is said. what is said rather than how someone says something. how someone says something rather than at what is said. how someone says something rather than if is said.

Impoliteness. Using Language to Cause Offence was published in. 1996. 1978. 1969. 1998.

The violation of social norms leads to. morality. none of the above. immorality. FTAs.

According to Goffman, Face is: an image of self delineated in terms of approved social attributes. an image of self delineated in terms of qualified education. an image of self delineated in terms of money. an image of self delineated in terms of approved nationality.

Goffman's definition of Face is different from that of Brown and Levinson because. it includes the notion of social and economic status. it includes the notion of social status. it includes the notion of social media. it includes the notion of social interdependence.

As for Spencer-Oatey definition of "relational face", Culpeper: does not have an opinion about. disagrees because talking about rights and obligations means to include in any analysis social/legal background, that is not always easy to do. anounced that it was one of his definitions and Spencer-Oatey had copied it. fully agrees.

How many components does Intentionality require?. 5. 4. 3. 2.

Being unsympathetic is related to. positive impoliteness. negative impoliteness. sarcasm. irony.

Mock Impoliteness is also called. relative impoliteness. absolute impoliteness. banter. fake impoliteness.

Mock Impoliteness. is a lie told by the hearer. is not intended to cause offence. is intended to cause offence. inevitably will cause offence.

How many super-strategies are listed by Culpeper?. 4. 5. 2. 3.

If I ridicule someone, which strategy am I perfoming?. negative impoliteness. mocking impoliteness. being sarcastic. positive impoliteness.

To include taboo words in a conversation is considered. sarcasm. irony. negative impoliteness. positive impoliteness.

In a conversation, if I invade other speakers' space I'm expressing: mocking impoliteness. positive impoliteness. negative impoliteness. being sarcastic.

Withhold politeness is the _______ of politeness work where it would be expected. absence. presence. ironic. positive/negative.

To use a secretive language means to express: irony. positive impoliteness. sarcasm. negative impoliteness.

Is there any difference between THESIS and DISSERTATION?. the thesis is a final work you write at the end of a Ph. D. course; the dissertation is the final work students write at the end of their BA/MA. the thesis is a final work you write At the end of their BA/MA ; the dissertation is the final work students write at the end of a Ph. D. course. Thesis in used in UK, while dissertation in the USA. No, they are synonyms.

An account that gives detailed information about one or more people and describes development over aperiod of time is: a thesis. a case study. a report. a dissertation.

Written papers usually made during the academic carreer are: homework. extended essays. brainstorming. reports.

A collaborative website which can be directly edited by anyone who accesses to it is: a blog. a field study. a wiki. a chat.

when writing a paper, it is essential to establish a clear _____. research. it depends. focus. brainstorming session.

When you plan to write an essay, _____ can help you do it the best way possivble. brainstorming. plagiarism. recycling homework. drafting.

When you prepare to write an academic essay, what is the first thing you do?. draft. gather information. organize the information. make a plan.

Jstor or ResearchGate are: forums. publishing houses. editing strategies. online libraries.

when writing a paper, it is essential to work alone?. yes, because nobody has studied the things you studied. definitely: don't trust anyone. yes, because you are the best critic of yourself. No: it always a good thing to be read by an external critic eye.

To identify the relevant information it is importa to read. randomly, as long it is related to your academic field. selectively. anything. nothing at all.

Evidences give _____ to your essay: a lot of problems. more academic weight. problems with plagiarism. nothing (it is better not to include them).

What does "to frame something in your own terms" means?. ??ur r??d?r expects to read about ??ur point ?f view, ?r stance. to express your opinion openly, without academic references to support your idea. to care about the graphic layout of your paper. to quote someone else's opinion properly.

Summerizing means: avoiding relevant pieces of information. Condensing someone's ideas into a shorter form. to write a brief essay. omitting random information.

Paraphrasing means: to reach different conclusions in your essay. rewriting someone's ideas using different words and phrases. changing the order of the sentences in your essay. to omit information.

Plagiarism is. a form of cheating. a strategy to quote someone else's opinion in your writing. always a good thing to do when writing. a strategy to provide academic weight to your writing.

N O W (Approach) is the acronym of: Note - Over - Writing. Not - Only - Writing. Note - Organize - Write. Not - Organized - Writing.

The Cornell Note-Taking Method was created by. Walter Paul Cornell. Walter Pauk. Paul Cornell. Walter Cornell.

In the conclusion of your essay, which of these options is NOT included?. a comment of all the features described in the body. a brief reference to the thesis statement. your personal opinion. some possible references for further analysis.

In the body of your essay, is it possible to state your opinion?. Yes, provided that you start with "I think that". Yes, provided that you convey academically. Yes, provided that you put it between inverted commas (""). Absolutely not.

Evaluating essays are: texts that state what you think about a topic. texts that conveys an idea or that tries to verify a hypothesis. charts. reviews.

the title of your essay must be. evocative. sensational!. romantic. as clear as direct as possible.

In the introduction of your essay, you can offer. a general summary of the most recent events related to the topic you have chosen. none of the above. a quick reminder of the conclusion you will achieve. your personal opinion.

even translating from another language without acknowledging the source is: a solid strategy to improve your skills. a good exercise to enrich your vocabulary. a homage to the scholars you've studied. plagiarism.

A tutorial is: a meeting between professor and student. another name to define lessons. a video on YouTube. a meeting between teachers and experts of didactic.

which of these function is NOT related to the introduction of your essay?. to give some ideas of the content and the stance of the writer. to introduce the writer. to suggest how the paper is organized. to set the tone for the reader.

What is an abstract?. a brief text used to summarize the contents of an academic text. a non concrete sentence. the summary of a book you generally find on the back cover. another name to refer to the introduction of your essay.

The abstract include information about. the goal of your essay and the method you employ. some clues about the aim and the method, but not about about the findings and the conclusions. bibliographic information about your paper. the aim, the method, the main findings and also the conclusions of your research.

Are there connections between introduction and conclusion in an essay?. No, otherwise the reader would not finish reading our essay. Nowadays, scholars tend not to refer back to the introduction when they write the conclusions. Nowadays, scholars tend not to refer to the conclusion when they write the introduction. Yes, you can refer to the conclusions in the introduction and viceversa.

As for the general features of the Introducion of your essay, do you have to include them all'. Yes, otherwise the introduction will be considered poor by the reader. No, infact we can also omit the whole introduction and start writing the body of our essay. It is not mandatory to include all the features of the introduction. Yes, provided that there is no over-lap among them.

which of these function is NOT related to the conclusion of your essay?. to refer back to what you outlined in the introduction. sharing of your knowledge. to pull together all the main ideas. to show the extent to which you have been able to deal with the issues involved.

In a paper, definitions are: obsolete, because the reader is a specialist in the field. never stated because of plagiarism. redundant, it is better not to use them. provided in the initial part of the paper.

During an oral presentation, when you pass from a point to another it is better use. linking words. repetitions. a brief pause. silence, so that the audience can get ready for the next argument.

Which of the following behaviours is NOT recommended during an oral presentation?. manage time. speak clearly. Speak fast and loud. make eye-contact: the audience will be scared of you.

Which of these option is correct? When presenting a power point: you should choose a large font, so that the audience can read. you should create NOT too dense slides. all the option are correct. you should avoid using emoji, meme, etc.

Stylistics is focused on. language. context. media. fiction and non-fiction.

Morphemes are. the written medium of language. the smallest grammatical constituents. the sounds of spoken language. the smallest lexical constituents.

Foregrounding is closely related to the Russian Formalist concept of. defamiliarization. post-structuralism. stylistics. structuralism.

How many basic elements do we distinguish in a clause structure?. 4. 2. 3. 5.

Grammar is organized. according to the speaker's logics. randomly. hierarchically. semantically.

Jakobson's poetic function projects the principle of equivalence from. the axis of selection into the axis of combination. the axis of selection beyond the axis of combination. the axis of combination, but not into the axis of selection. the axis of combination into the axis of selection.

How many functions does Jakobson's model include?. 2. 6. 4. 5.

What are the components Jakobson added to Buhler's model?. context and addresee. code and message. contact and context. code, contact and message.

In metrics, the basic unit of analysis is. the foot. the iambic. the verse. the syllable.

the iambic foot has two syllables... both weakely stressed. one less heavely stressed than the other. both equally stressed. none of them stressed.

Adjuncts. determine the language emploied by the narrator. express location and spatial. determine the point of view. indicate the origo.

deictic elements are, for example,. demonstratives. adverbs. personal pronouns. the tenses of verbs.

attenuated focalisation is referred to. a situation where point of view is NOT limited. the narrator tend to use a soft language. a censured text. a situation where point of view is limited.

the physical channel of communication through which a story is narrated is. the textual channel. the stylistic medium. the text. the texual medium.

The term plot is referred to. language which is produced by a story-teller. to the abstract storyline of a narrative. the use of flashback or flashforward. the use of stylistic devices.

deixis works primarily by. presenting time and space the plot is set. determining rhythm. presenting characters. situating the speaking voice in physical space.

If the narrator is external, we will talk about. first-person narrator. homodiegetic narrator. third-person narrator. heterodiegetic narrator.

We may encounter a kind of 'restricted omniscience' when. a first-person narrator comes across as unable or reluctant to delve at will into the thoughts and feelings of characters. a third-person narrator comes across as unable or reluctant to delve at will into the thoughts and feelings of characters. the narrator uses a language that we don't understand. the narrator expresses impoliteness.

the deictic centre around which objects are positioned relative to their relative proximity or distance to the reflector is called. diegesis. orion. deixis. origo.

Which of these is NOT an example of POP?. wake up from a dream. they are all pops. flashback. remarks by the narrator.

Which of these is NOT an example of PUSH?. story within a story. they are all pushes. flashback. wake up from a dream.

When was Deixis in Narrative. A Cognitive Science Perspective published?. 1996. 1995. 1991. 1993.

Deictic center is also referred to. point of view. social position. none of the above. phonological pattern.

Pushes and Pops were theorized by. Jakobson and Chomsky. Culpeper. Galbraith. Jakobson.

The Popping move is referred to. authors who let the reader know about their presence in the plot by explicit remarks. when we pass from fist- to third-person narrator. the passage from flashback to reality. the passage from reality from flashforward.

The knowledge of what to say, and when and where to say is called. politeness. narrative competence. deictic competence. communicative competence.

Dialogue in drama has been studied between. 1960s and1970s. 1970s and 1980s. 1980s and 1990s. 2000 and nowadays.

The categories that express thought are. 3. 2. infinite. 4.

ICMs allow us to take cognitive. critics. omissions. censures. short-cuts.

ICMs. changed from the 1980s on. none of the above. are universal. ICMs differ between subjects.

ICMs. are subject to modification in the course of an individual subject's experience and development. none of the above. do not face an evolution. do not depend on the subject's experiences.

the domains that are related to the metaphor are called. target and text domain. target and source domain. speaking and thinking domain. source and conceptual domain.

"France made war with England": which figure of speech has been used in this sentence?. synecdoche. metonymy. Metaphor. none of the above.

Caricature is. is a form of metonymic distortion. is a form of simil distortion. is a form of distorted irony. is a form of metaphoric distortion.

"Your eyes are like jewels": which figure of speech is this?. iambic verse. Metaphor. metonymy. Simile.

When the part stands for the whole, we call that particular figure of speech: synecdoche. metaphor. synonym. metonymy.

A metaphore is a process of mapping between two different. registers. conceptual domains. figures of speech. icons.

phonaesthetic fallacy happens because. we don't consider the mimetic function of language. there is a certain risk in trying to connect up directly a particular feature of sound in a text with nonlinguistic phenomena outside the text. we have to speak with toddlers. we exploit the imitative potential of language.

Puns are. stylistic devices for creating humour. stylistic devices for creating irony. some old figure of speeches that we no longer use. abbreviations for "punctuation".

Parody and satire are forms of. verbal humour which draw on a particular kind of irony for the design of their stylistic incongruity. verbal humour which draw on a particular kind of irony for the design of their stylistic congruity. verbal humour which draw on a particular kind of comicity for the design of their stylistic incongruity. verbal irony which draw on a particular kind of humour for the design of their stylistic incongruity.

Which of these is NOT a cohesive tie, according to Hasan and Halliday?. conjunction. synopsis. ellipsis. substitution.

"finger" and "hand" are linked through. meronymy. hyponymy. sinonymity. antonymy.

Cohesion in English was published in. 1976. 1994. 1975. 1973.

What we hear, read or use are often fabricated multi-word phrases: this principle is called. lexical bundles principle. lexical principle. open choice principle. idiom principle.

the ways grammatical words appear with particular lexical items to cover relationships between grammatical categories and particular lexical words. cohesion. collocation. coherence. colligation.

The concept of 'lexical bundles' was developed by. Biber. Halliday and Hasan. Halliday. Halliday and Biber.

The transference always happens from the source to the target domain and it is. rarely reversible. always reversible. non-reversible. often reversible.

A conceptual domain is. none of the above. any colligative organization of experience. any collocative organization of experience. any coherent organization of experience.

Metaphors We Live By was published in. 1980. 1982. 1978. 1976.

cognitive metaphor theory was developed by. Lakoff and Halliday. Johnson, Lakoff and Halliday. Lakoff and Johnson. Halliday and Biber.

Mental spaces theory was formulated in. 1985. 1998. 1994. 1988.

Mental spaces theory was originally formulated by. Fauconnier. Halliday and Hasan. Biber. Lakoff.

Mental spaces theory is the basis for. cognitive metaphors. Blending theory. impoliteness. cognitive stylistics.

Cours de linguistique générale was published in. 1926. 1996. 1916. 1925.