PSYCH 101 PT2 EXAM

What is the definition of memory?. The ability to remember things we have experienced and learned. The process of storing information in the brain. The act of recalling past events. The ability to learn new things.

Who is considered a pioneering researcher in the field of memory?. Sigmund Freud. Albert Bandura. Hermann Ebbinghaus. Jean Piaget.

According to the forgetting curve, when does the most forgetting occur?. Gradually over time. Right after learning. After a week. After a week.

What is the function of the sensory registers?. To process information from the senses. To store information for long periods of time. To control attention. To retrieve information from memory.

How long can information be held in the sensory registers?. A fraction of a second to a few seconds. Several minutes. Several hours. Indefinitely.

What is the cocktail party effect an example of?. Sensory overload. Divided attention. Selective attention. Memory loss.

What is the primary function of short-term memory (STM)?. To store information permanently. To hold and work on information briefly. To filter out irrelevant information. To retrieve information from long-term memory.

What is the typical duration of short-term memory?. A fraction of a second. 15- 20 seconds. Several minutes. Several hours.

What technique can be used to increase the capacity of short-term memory?. Repetition. Chunking. Visualization. Elaboration.

What is the portion of memory that is relatively permanent called. Sensory memory. Short-term memory. Working memory. Long-term memory.

What is the serial position effect?. The tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better. The tendency to remember items that are emotionally charged. The tendency to forget items that are not rehearsed.

Which rehearsal technique involves linking new information to familiar material in long-term memory?. Rote rehearsal. Maintenance rehearsal. Elaborative rehearsal. Shallow processing.

Which type of long-term memory stores information about personal experiences?. Episodic memory. Semantic memory. Procedural memory. Implicit memory.

Which type of memory is difficult to express verbally and is often unconscious?. Explicit memory. Implicit memory. Declarative memory. Episodic memory.

What brain structure plays a crucial role in the formation of new memories?. Amygdala. Cerebellum. Hippocampus. Thalamus.

What is the term for the loss of past memories?. Anterograde amnesia. Retrograde amnesia. Infantile amnesia. Dissociative amnesia.

Which of the following is the most accurate definition of learning?. A temporary change in behavior due to experience. A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience or practice. A change in behavior due to maturation or medication. Any change in behavior, regardless of cause.

What type of learning is Ivan Pavlov best known for studying?. Classical conditioning. Operant conditioning. Observational learning. Insight learning.

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, what was the unconditioned stimulus (US)?. The bell. The food. Salivation to the bell. Salivation to the food.

What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?. A stimulus that naturally elicits a response. A stimulus that elicits a response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. A stimulus that no longer elicits a response. A stimulus that is irrelevant to the learning process.

Which of the following is NOT a principle of classical conditioning?. The CS must come before the US. The CS and US must come close together in time. The CS and US must be paired only once for conditioning to occur. The CS should be distinctive from other stimuli.

What is the term for the diminishing of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented?. Acquisition. Extinction. Spontaneous recovery. Generalization.

What is stimulus generalization?. The ability to respond differently to similar stimuli. The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus. The process of learning a new response. The process of unlearning a conditioned response.

What type of learning involves associating behaviors with their consequences?. Classical conditioning. Operant conditioning. Latent learning. Observational learning.

Who is credited with coining the term "operant conditioning"?. Ivan Pavlov. B.F. Skinner. Edward Thorndike. Albert Bandura.

What is the law of effect?. Behaviors followed by rewards are more likely to be repeated. Behaviors followed by punishments are more likely to be repeated. Learning occurs only through observation. Learning is not affected by consequences.

What is a reinforcer?. Any stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a behavior. Any stimulus that increases the likelihood of a behavior. A punishment that is given immediately after a behavior. A punishment that is given long after a behavior.

What type of reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior?. Positive reinforcement. Negative reinforcement. Positive punishment. Negative punishment.

What is a cognitive map?. A physical map that is used for navigation. A mental representation of a spatial environment. A type of learning that involves reinforcement. A type of learning that involves punishment.

Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?. Taking away a child's privileges for misbehaving. Giving a child a spanking for misbehaving. Ignoring a child's misbehavior.

What is learned helplessness?. The ability to learn new things quickly. The tendency to give up after repeated failures. The ability to learn from observation. The tendency to be aggressive towards others.

What is a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement?. Reinforcement is given after a variable amount of time. Reinforcement is given after a fixed amount of time. Reinforcement is given after a variable number of responses. Reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses.

What type of learning involves mental processes that are not directly observable?. Classical conditioning. Operant conditioning. Cognitive learning. Associative learning.

What is latent learning?. Learning that occurs without reinforcement. Learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior. Learning by observing others. Learning through sudden insight.

Who is best known for studying observational learning?. Ivan Pavlov. B.F. Skinner. Edward Tolman. Albert Bandura.

In Bandura's Bobo doll experiment, what did children who observed aggressive behavior do?. They were less likely to be aggressive. They were more likely to be aggressive. They showed no change in aggression. They became afraid of the Bobo doll.

What is the definition of motivation?. The physiological processes that drive behavior. The force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do. The external rewards that encourage specific actions. The innate instincts that guide behavior.

What is the difference between a motive and an emotion?. Motives are innate, while emotions are learned. Motives are specific needs or desires, while emotions are feelings that underlie behavior. Motives are always conscious, while emotions are unconscious. Motives are long-lasting, while emotions are fleeting.

Why is instinct theory disputed as an explanation for human motivation?. Because most important human behavior is learned. Because human behavior is often flexible and adaptable. Because instinct theory doesn't explain all human behavior. All of the above.

According to drive reduction theory, what is the goal of motivated behavior?. To increase arousal. To seek out new experiences. To reduce drive and return the body to homeostasis. To achieve self-actualization.

What is homeostasis?. A state of high arousal. A state of balance and stability in which the organism functions effectively. A state of intense emotional experience. A state of cognitive dissonance.

What does arousal theory suggest about motivation?. People are motivated to avoid pain and seek pleasure. People are motivated by unconscious desires. People are motivated to maintain an optimal level of stimulation and activity. People are motivated by their thoughts and expectations.

What is intrinsic motivation?. Motivation that comes from external rewards. Motivation that comes from the activity itself. Motivation that is based on social pressure. Motivation that is based on fear of failure.

What is the focus of incentive motivation theory?. Internal drives. Unconscious desires. External rewards. Cognitive processes.

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what is the highest level of human needs?. Physiological needs. Safety needs. Love and belonging needs. Self-actualization.

Which part of the brain plays a key role in regulating hunger and satiety?. Amygdala. Hippocampus. Hypothalamus. Thalamus.

What hormone, secreted by fat cells, signals the brain to reduce appetite or increase metabolism?. Leptin. Ghrelin. Insulin. Testosterone.

Which eating disorder is characterized by an intense fear of weight gain and distorted body image?. Anorexia nervosa. Bulimia nervosa. Binge eating disorder. Obesity.

What is a key difference between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?. Anorexia involves self-starvation, while bulimia involves cycles of binging and purging. Anorexia is more common in men, while bulimia is more common in women. Anorexia has a higher mortality rate than bulimia. Both a and c.

What is the definition of obesity?. Weighing more than a desirable standard weight. Weighing more than 10% above the average weight for a given height. Weighing more than 20% above the average weight for a given height. Having a body mass index (BMI) over 30.

What hormone plays a primary role in male sexual motivation?. Estrogen. Progesterone. Testosterone. Insulin.

What are pheromones?. Hormones that regulate hunger. Chemicals secreted in sweat glands that influence sexual attraction. Neurotransmitters that are involved in the experience of pleasure. Environmental cues that trigger sexual arousal.

Which of the following is NOT a basic emotion according to Plutchik's theory?. Fear. Guilt. Anger. Sadness.

What does the James-Lange theory of emotion state?. Emotions are caused by physiological changes in the body. Emotions and physiological changes occur simultaneously. Emotions are caused by our cognitive interpretations of events. Emotions are innate and universal.

Which brain structure is involved in the experience of fear and the interpretation of facial expressions of emotion?. Hippocampus. Hypothalamus. Amygdala. Thalamus.

What is a polygraph?. A device that measures brain activity. A device that measures facial expressions. A device that is designed to detect lies. A device that is used to induce hypnosis.

What is the primary focus of developmental psychology?. Understanding mental disorders and their treatment. Studying changes that occur in people from birth through old age. Analyzing the impact of social structures on behavior. Exploring the biological basis of human actions.

Which of the following is NOT a method used in developmental psychology?. Naturalistic observation. Astrological analysis. Experiments. Correlational studies.

What is the main advantage of a cross-sectional study in developmental research?. It allows researchers to study the same individuals over a long period. It is relatively inexpensive and quick to conduct. It eliminates the influence of cohort differences. It provides in-depth information about individual development.

What is a cohort in developmental research?. A group of individuals with similar genetic traits. A group of people born during the same historical period. A group of participants randomly assigned to a control group. A group of researchers collaborating on a study.

Which research method involves reconstructing a person's past through interviews to understand their current behavior?. Longitudinal study. Biographical study. Cross-sectional study. Experimental study.

What is the term for the single fertilized cell formed at conception?. Embryo. Fetus. Zygote. Neonate.

During which prenatal period does an embryo develop specialized cells and organs?. Germinal period. Embryonic period. Fetal period. Neonatal period.

What are teratogens?. Essential nutrients for prenatal development. Stages of cognitive development. Harmful environmental substances that can cause birth defects. Types of attachment styles in infancy.

Which reflex helps a newborn find food?. Grasping reflex. Stepping reflex. Rooting reflex. Moro reflex.

What is temperament in infants?. A learned response to environmental stimuli. Characteristic patterns of emotional reactions and self-regulation. The ability to form attachments to caregivers. The development of motor skills.

Which of the following is NOT a temperament type identified by Thomas and Chess?. Easy. Difficult. Slow-to-warm-up. Compliant.

At what age do infants typically develop good vision?. At birth. 2 months. 8 months. 12 months.

The visual cliff experiment was designed to study what aspect of infant development?. Color perception. Object permanence. Depth perception. Language acquisition.

According to Piaget, what is object permanence?. The ability to use symbols to represent objects. The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight. The ability to take another person's perspective. The ability to think abstractly.

Which of Piaget's stages is characterized by egocentrism and the development of symbolic thought?. Sensorimotor stage. Preoperational stage. Concrete operational stage. Formal operational stage.

What is the principle of conservation in Piaget's theory?. The belief that inanimate objects have feelings. The understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance. The ability to conserve energy by reducing physical activity. The tendency to imitate the behavior of others.

In which of Kohlberg's levels of moral development is behavior judged as right or wrong based on whether it is rewarded or punished?. Preconventional level. Conventional level. Postconventional level. Autonomous level.

What is the term for one-word sentences used by infants around 18 months of age?. Babbling. Telegraphic speech. Holophrases. Overregularization.

Who proposed the concept of a language acquisition device (LAD)?. B.F. Skinner. Jean Piaget. Noam Chomsky. Erik Erikson.

What is stranger anxiety in infants?. A fear of unfamiliar people. A fear of being separated from caregivers. A fear of loud noises. A fear of new objects.

A child develops a fear of the dentist's drill after experiencing pain during a dental procedure. What is the unconditioned stimulus (US) in this situation?. The dentist. The sound of the drill. The dental chair. The pain from the procedure.

You are driving down the road when a loud siren suddenly goes off behind you. You immediately feel a surge of fear and anxiety. What is the US in this example?. The sight of the emergency vehicle. The sound of the siren. The fear and anxiety you experience. The act of driving.

A person who was in a car accident at an intersection now feels anxious every time they approach that intersection, even though the intersection has been repaired. What is the conditioned stimulus (CS)?. Driving. Feeling anxious. The intersection. The car accident.

A dog learns to salivate when it hears the doorbell because it has been paired with the arrival of guests who often give the dog treats. What is the CS?. The dog salivating. The doorbell. Guests arriving. The treats.