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Title of test:
ssoo

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questions 25/26

Creation Date: 2026/02/02

Category: Others

Number of questions: 65

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PT: Um programa, guardado em disco, tem de ser copiado para memória principal antes de ser executado uma vez que: EN: A program, stored in disk, needs to be copied into main memory before being executed because: PT: o CPU consegue garantir que a memória principal está protegida de acessos indevidos (X) EN: the CPU is able to make sure the main memory is protected against illegitimate accesses. PT: o CPU consegue menor fragmentação na memória principal que em disco EN: the CPU is able to achieve less fragmentation in main memory than in disk. PT: o CPU consegue aceder diretamente à memória principal e registos EN: the CPU can directly access the main memory and registers. PT: o CPU consegue assim gerir maior quantidade de páginas de memória virtual EN: the CPU is thus able to manage a greater number of virtual memory pages.

PT: Relativamente à atribuição de endereços de memória aos processos (secções TEXT, DATA, STACK, ...) pelo sistema operativo, qual das seguintes opções é a que, mais provavelmente, permite maior flexibilidade? EN: Regarding the assignment of memory addresses to processes (sections TEXT, DATA, STACK, ...) by the operating system, which of the following options is the one that most likely allows greater flexibility?. PT: atribuição de endereços em tempo de carregamento (X) EN: address binding in load time. PT: atribuição de endereços em tempo de otimização EN: address binding in optimization time. PT: atribuição de endereços em tempo de compilação EN: address binding in compile time. PT: atribuição de endereços em tempo de execução EN: address binding in execution time (Nota: hay una errata en la imagen donde el inglés dice "compile time" de nuevo).

3. PT: Durante as aulas falamos de endereços de memória lógicos (ou virtuais) e de endereços físicos. Para o programador, qual das seguintes vantagens é consequência do uso de endereços lógicos? EN: During the classes we talked about logical (or virtual) memory addresses and physical addresses. For the programmer, which of the following advantages is a consequence of using logical addresses?. PT: O programador não tem de lidar com limitações no tamanho da memória principal EN: The programmer does not have to deal with limitations in the size of the main memory. PT: O programador não tem de lidar com limitações de alocação de variáveis na stack EN: The programmer does not have to deal with limitations on the allocation of variables in the stack. PT: O programador não tem de lidar com limitações da implementação de bibliotecas partilhadas. EN: The programmer does not have to deal with limitations in the implementation of shared libraries. PT: O programador não tem de lidar com limitações de gestão da heap (X) EN: The programmer does not have to deal with limitations in heap management.

4. PT: O mecanismo de swapping é essencial num sistema operativo que suporte multi-processos. Este mecanismo permite: EN: The swapping mechanism is essential in an operating system that supports multi-processes. This mechanism allows: PT: passar um processo de memória cache para memória principal, permitindo que o espaço libertado seja usado por outro processo. EN: Moving a process from cache memory to main memory, allowing the freed space to be used by another process. PT: passar um processo de uma zona de memória principal para outra zona, permitindo que o espaço libertado seja usado por outro processo. (X) EN: Moving a process from one area of main memory to another area, allowing the freed space to be used by another process. PT: passar um processo da memória principal para outra camada de armazenamento, permitindo que o espaço libertado seja usado por outro processo. EN: Moving a process from the main memory to another storage layer, allowing the freed space to be used by another process. PT: passar um processo de uma zona de endereços baixos do disco para endereços mais elevados, permitindo que o espaço libertado seja usado por outro processo. EN: Moving a process from a low-address area of the disk to higher addresses, allowing the freed space to be used by another process.

5. PT: A memória principal de um PC é sempre escassa, pelo que deve ser bem aproveitada na alocação de processos. Se o sistema operativo utilizar uma abordagem de alocação contígua e um algoritmo de alocação "best fit", qual é o principal problema a enfrentar? EN: Main memory in a PC is always scarce, so it must be used well when allocating processes. If the operating system uses a contiguous allocation approach and a 'best fit' allocation algorithm, what is the main problem to be faced?. PT: paginação interna / EN: internal paging. PT: fragmentação externa / EN: external fragmentation. PT: fragmentação interna / EN: internal fragmentation. PT: paginação externa / EN: external paging.

6. PT: A paginação é um mecanismo de gestão de memória que permite que os endereços físicos de um processo não sejam contíguos. Este desenho permite evitar uma operação custosa, necessária nos esquemas anteriores a este. Que operação é essa? EN: Paging is a memory management mechanism that allows the physical addresses of a process to be non-contiguous. This design avoids a costly operation required in the schemes prior to this one. What operation is that?. PT: segmentação / EN: segmentation. PT: relocação / EN: relocation. PT: compactação / EN: compaction. PT: tradução / EN: translation.

7. PT: Para implementar um sistema de paginação é necessário utilizar uma tabela de páginas. Admitindo que essa tabela é implementada totalmente em memória (sem TLB) e que um acesso a memória demora 150 nanosegundos, quanto tempo demora uma referência a memória paginada? EN: To implement a paging system, it is necessary to use a page table. Assuming that this table is fully implemented in memory (without TLB) and that a memory access takes 150 nanoseconds, how long does it take to reference paged memory?. PT: no máximo 450ns / EN: at most 450ns. PT: no máximo 300ns / EN: at most 300ns. PT: pelo menos 300ns / EN: at least 300ns. PT: pelo menos 450ns / EN: at least 450ns.

8. PT: Quando um processo tenta aceder a uma página que não está carregada em memória, temos uma page-fault. Esta situação gera, necessariamente, : EN: When a process tries to access a page that is not loaded in memory, we have a page fault. This situation necessarily generates: PT: page replacement / EN: a page replacement. PT: um swap / EN: a swap. PT: operação copy-on-write / EN: a copy-on-write operation. PT: uma trap / EN: a trap.

9. PT: Os sistemas modernos de gestão de memória tornam o número e o tipo de programas em execução praticamente independentes do tamanho da memória. No entanto, isso tem associado o risco de "thrashing". Que frase melhor descreve a causa do "thrashing"? EN: Modern memory management systems make the number and type of programs running practically independent of memory size. However, this carries the risk of 'thrashing.' Which sentence best describes the cause of 'thrashing'?. PT: grande parte do tempo do sistema é gasto com swapping EN: A large part of the system's time is spent on swapping. PT: grande parte do tempo do sistema é gasto com operações input/output EN: A large part of the system's time is spent on input/output operations. PT: grande parte do tempo do sistema é gasto com segmentação EN: A large part of the system's time is spent on segmentation. PT: grande parte do tempo do sistema é gasto com a execução de um único processo EN: A large part of the system's time is spent executing a single process.

10. PT: O sistema de ficheiros é uma das componentes mais visíveis do sistema operativo pois permite o armazenamento não volátil de dados e programas para uso do utilizador. Como o nome indica, este sistema está construído a partir do conceito de ficheiro. Um ficheiro é definido por um: EN: The file system is one of the most visible components of the operating system as it allows non-volatile storage of data and programs for user use. As the name suggests, this system is built on the concept of a file. A file is best defined by a: PT: conjunto de atributos de ficheiros como o seu nome e identificador EN: set of file attributes such as its name and identifier. PT: conjunto de operações EN: set of operations. PT: conjunto de estruturas de dados do sistema de ficheiros EN: set of data structures of the file system. PT: conjunto de tipos de ficheiros suportados pelo SO EN: set of file types supported by the OS.

11. PT: Considere um sistema de ficheiros que irá armazenar sobretudo ficheiros de filmes (leituras sequenciais) num disco HDD (agulha móvel). Que mecanismo de alocação de espaço irá, mais provavelmente, oferecer melhor desempenho? EN: Consider a file system that will mostly store movie files (sequential reads) on an HDD (with a moving head). Which space allocation mechanism will most likely offer the best performance?. PT+EN: Contiguous allocation. PT+EN: Indexed allocation. PT+EN: Linked allocation. PT+EN: Hashed allocation.

12. PT: Na interação entre o CPU e um controlador de um dispositivo de entrada/saída, podemos recorrer ao mecanismo de polling. Este mecanismo é: EN: In the interaction between the CPU and an input/output device controller, we can use the polling mechanism. This mechanism is: PT: utilizado para libertar o CPU enquanto o dispositivo não está pronto EN: used to free the CPU while the device is not ready. PT: o mecanismo utilizado por todos os controladores EN: used by all device controllers. PT: eficiente para dispositivos cujo tempo de resposta é muito baixo EN: efficient for devices with very low response time. PT: implementado usando uma tabela hierárquica de prioridades EN: implemented using a hierarchical table of priorities.

13. PT: Considerando um PC de um único utilizador ligado a um rato e com uma interface gráfica, ao desenhar um sistema operativo para este PC os mecanismos apropriados seriam: EN: Considering a single-user PC connected to a mouse and with a graphical interface, when designing an operating system for this PC, the appropriate mechanisms would be: PT+EN: Buffering, polled I/O. PT+EN: Spooling, interrupted I/O. PT+EN: Spooling, polled I/O. PT+EN: Buffering, interrupted I/O.

14. PT: Um dispositivo como o disco pode, frequentemente, fazer grandes transferências de dados. É ineficiente colocar o CPU a gerir estas transferências, desperdiçando ciclos importantes para outras tarefas. Que mecanismo é utilizado para mitigar este problema? EN: A device such as the disk can often perform large data transfers. It is inefficient to have the CPU manage these transfers, wasting important cycles for other tasks. What mechanism is used to mitigate this problem?. PT+EN: Disk buffering. PT+EN: Programmed I/O. PT+EN: Log-structured filesystem. PT+EN: Direct Memory Access.

15. PT: É sua responsabilidade implementar uma nova funcionalidade de interação com um dispositivo de entrada/saída. Sabendo que é uma funcionalidade experimental, qual das seguintes situações melhor descreve o resultado mais provável se esta for implementada no kernel? EN: It is your responsibility to implement a new functionality for interacting with an input/output device. Knowing that it is an experimental functionality, which of the following situations best describes the most likely outcome if it is implemented in the kernel?. PT: Há menor probabilidade de poder reutilizar código entre dispositivos diferentes EN: There is less likelihood of being able to reuse code across different devices. PT: Uma atualização do dispositivo não implica uma atualização do sistema operativo EN: A device update does not require an operating system update. PT: O kernel é simplificado ao controlar todos os componentes diretamente EN: The kernel is simplified by directly controlling all components. PT: Bugs têm maior probabilidade de levar a uma falha do sistema operativo EN: Bugs are more likely to lead to an operating system failure.

16. PT: Para uma fila de processos P1 -> P2 -> P3 com tempos de execução 5, 7, 13 os tempos médios de espera com os algoritmos FCFS e RR (com quantum = 5) são: EN: For a queue of processes P1 -> P2 -> P3 with execution times 5, 7 and 13, the average waiting times for the algorithms FCFS and RR (with quantum = 5) are: PT+EN: 4.5, 12.33. PT+EN: 5.66, 7.33. PT+EN: 5.66, 12.33. PT+EN: 4.5, 7.33.

17. PT: Assinale as correctas. Quando comparado com um kernel monolítico, um micro-kernel é, em geral: EN: Indicate the correct options. When compared to a monolithic kernel, a micro-kernel is, in general: PT: menos seguro / EN: less safe. PT: mais portable / EN: moreportable. PT: mais rápido / EN: faster. PT: mais pequeno / EN: smaller. PT: mais modular / EN: more modular.

18. PT: Num sistema operativo que implementa multitasking há um "context switch": EN: In an operating system that implements multitasking there is a "context switch": PT: sempre que o processo recebe um interrupt / EN: every time the process receives an interrupt. PT: apenas se o processo iniciar uma operação de I/O / EN: only if the process initiates an I/O operation. PT: sempre que o processo chega ao fim do seu quantum ou inicia uma operação de I/O EN: every time the process ends its quantum or initiates an I/O operation. PT: nunca, nem mesmo para operações de I/O / EN: never, not even for I/O operations.

19. PT: Assinale as correctas. Num sistema operativo, serviços: EN: Indicate the correct options. In an operating system, services: PT: fazem manutenção do sistema / EN: perform system maintenance. PT: interagem com os utilizadores / EN: interact with the users. PT: executam continuamente / EN: run continuously. PT: são exclusivos do kernel / EN: are exclusive to the kernel. PT: fazem gestão de recursos / EN: manage resources.

20. PT: No espaço de endereçamento de um processo, os segmentos .text, .data e stack têm como funções, respectivamente: EN: In the address space of a process, the function of the segments .text, .data and stack are, respectively: PT: manter informação relativa à execução das funções do programa, manter estruturas de dados criadas durante a execução, guardar o código fonte do programa. PT: guardar o código fonte do programa, manter informação relativa às variáveis globais do programa, manter estruturas de dados criadas durante a execução. PT: manter informação relativa às variáveis globais do programa, manter estruturas de dados criadas durante a execução, guardar o código fonte do programa. PT: guardar as instruções binárias do programa, manter informação relativa às variáveis globais do programa, manter informação relativa à execução das funções do programa EN: keep the binary instructions of the program, keep information about the global variables of the program, keep information about the execution of the functions of the program.

21. PT: Um erro de compilação do tipo "undefined reference to X" acontece porque: EN: A compilation error of the type "undefined reference to X" happens because: PT: não se um incluiu um ou mais ficheiros cabeçalho no código fonte / EN: you did not include one or more header files in the source code. PT: não se indicou ao compilador uma biblioteca e a sua localização EN: you did not indicate a library and its location to the compiler. PT: o código fonte da função X não está num ficheiro no diretório corrente / EN: the source code for function X is not in a file in the current directory. PT: a função X está definida duas vezes no código fonte / EN: function X is defined twice in the source code.

22. PT: No contexto de um sistema Unix, uma biblioteca é: EN: In a Unix system, a library is: PT: um ficheiro com o código binário executável de um conjunto de funções / EN: a file with the executable binary code of a set of functions. PT: um ficheiro com os tipos de um conjunto de funções / EN: a file with the types of a set of functions. PT: um ficheiro com o código pré-compilado de um conjunto de funções EN: a file with the pre-compiled code of a set of functions. PT: um ficheiro com o código fonte de um conjunto de funções / EN: a file with the source code of a set of functions.

23. PT: Um processo em execução no CPU que chegue ao fim do seu quantum faz a seguinte transição de estado: EN: A process executing on the CPU that finishes its quantum makes the following state transition: PT: RUNNING para WAITING / EN: RUNNING to WAITING. PT: READY para RUNNING / EN: READY to RUNNING. PT: RUNNING para READY / EN: RUNNING to READY. PT: WAITING para READY / EN: WAITING to READY.

24. PT: No sistema Unix, uma chamada ao sistema: EN: In the Unix system, a system call: PT: gera um socket / EN: generates a socket. PT: gera uma trap / EN: generates a trap. PT: gera um interrupt / EN: generates an interrupt. PT: não gera nada / EN: generates nothing.

25. PT: O algoritmo Completely Fair Scheduler implementado no kernel do Linux usa a seguinte estrutura de dados para agendar os processos: EN: The Completely Fair Scheduler implemented in the Linux kernel uses the following data structure to schedule the processes: PT: uma árvore red-black para todos os processos / EN: a red-black tree for all processes. PT: um conjunto de filas sem mecanismos de migração de processos / EN: a set of queues without process migration mechanisms. PT: um conjunto de filas com mecanismos de migração de processos / EN: a set of queues with process migration mechanisms. PT: uma fila única para todos os processos / EN: a single queue for all processes.

26. PT: A instrução compare_and_swap(p, vexp, vnew) inspeciona atomicamente uma localização de memória p que contém um inteiro. Ela também recebe um valor esperado, vexp, e um novo valor, vnew. A instrução: EN: The instruction compare_and_swap(p, vexp, vnew) atomically inspects a memory location p that contains an integer. It also receives an expected value, vexp, and a new value, vnew. It: PT: returns *p e se *p != vexp faz *p = vnew / EN: returns *p and if *p != vexp sets *p = vnew. PT: faz *p = vnew / EN: sets *p = vnew. **PT: retorna *p e se p == vexp faz p = vnew **EN: returns *p and if p == vexp sets p = vnew. PT: retorna apenas *p / EN: just returns *p.

27. PT: Uma vantagem das bibliotecas dinâmicas relativamente às estáticas é: EN: An advantage of dynamic libraries when compared to static ones is: PT: permitir a geração de ficheiro binário executável sem dependências externas / EN: allowing the generation of binary executable files without external dependencies. PT: não permitir a partilha do código das funções da biblioteca entre processos / EN: not allowing the sharing of the code of the functions in the library among processes. PT: diminuir o tamanho dos ficheiros binários executáveis EN: diminishing the size of binary executable files. PT: utilizar código binário independente da arquitectura do hardware / EN: using binary code that is independent of the hardware architecture.

28. PT: Um kernel num disco do computador é carregado para memória por um bootloader localizado: EN: A kernel in a disk of a computer is loaded into main memory by a bootloader that is located: PT: na BIOS/UEFI do computador / EN: in the BIOS/UEFI of the computer. PT: nesse mesmo disco / EN: in that same disk. PT: num periférico do computador / EN: in a peripheral component. PT: na memória do computador / EN: in main memory.

29. PT: No sistema Unix um fifo permite a comunicação: EN: In the Unix system, a fifo allows: PT: unidirecional apenas entre processos pai e filho / EN: unidirectional communication only between father and child processes. PT: unidirecional entre dois quaisquer processos / EN: unidirectional communication between any two processes. PT: bidirecional entre dois quaisquer processos / EN: bidirectional communication between any two processes. PT: bidirecional apenas entre processos pai e filho / EN: bidirectional communication only between father and child processes.

30. PT: A chamada ao sistema execlp(X, ...), onde X é um ficheiro binário executável: EN: The system call execlp(X, ...), where X is a binary executable file: PT: suspende o processo corrente, executa o programa X e retorna ao processo corrente / EN: suspends the current process, executes the program in X and returns to the current process. PT: cria um novo processo que executa o programa contido no ficheiro X / EN: creates a new process that runs the program in file X. PT: substitui o programa do processo corrente pelo programa contido no ficheiro X EN: replaces the program in the current process with the program in file X. PT: substitui o programa do processo X pelo programa do processo corrente / EN: replaces the program of process X with the program of the current process.

In UNIX operating systems, what is the primary difference in the return value of the fork() system call for the parent and the child process?. The return value is zero for the child process and the unique process identifier (pid) of the child for the parent process. The return value is the unique process identifier (pid) of the parent for the child process and zero for the parent process. The return value is zero for the parent process and the unique process identifier (pid) of the child for the child process. The return value is the unique process identifier (pid) of the parent for both processes.

When compiled with the command $ gcc -Wall -o trig trig.c, a program using sin() generates an error: undefined reference to 'sin'. To correct this, we should: Add the option "-lm" to the compilation command. Remove the "-Wall" option from the compilation command. Add #include <sin.h> to file "trig.c".

If successful, the following compilation command gcc -Wall -c prog.c: Stops after generating a binary executable file "a.out" that includes the binary code for "prog.c". Stops after generating the binary code for "prog.c" and leaves it in a file "prog.o". Stops after printing all warnings from the compiler for the code in "prog.c".

In which conditions would the use of busy waiting (e.g., using a spin-lock) be justified?. When the code inside the critical section executes very fast. In modern architectures with GPUs. When main memory is very slow.

If an error occurs in the following system call int v = stat("file.txt", &info);, the value in variable "v" will be: -1. 0. NULL.

What is the primary role of the interrupt vector in a computer's interrupt architecture?. To index a table of pointers to interrupt routines for efficient dispatch. To modify the processor state during an interrupt service routine. To directly execute the interrupt service routine.

Consider an execution where a variable "counter" with value 2 is accessed concurrently by a thread that does counter++ and by another thread that does counter--. Select final values that can occur if no synchronization is done: 4. 0. 1. 2.

In the following code fragment: int* p = (int *)malloc(16 * sizeof(int)); p = p + 3;. Pointer "p" is advanced by: 3 * sizeof(int*) bytes. 3 + sizeof(int) bytes. 3 * sizeof(int) bytes.

In UNIX, what is the primary role of the exec() system call after a fork() system call?. The exec() system call duplicates the parent process to create a new child process. The exec() system call sends a signal to the parent process to terminate the child process. The exec() system call replaces the calling process's memory space with a new program.

In operating systems, what is a context switch and what does it involve?. A process where the operating system performs a complete memory dump of a process. A process where the CPU switches from running one process to another, involving the updating of the process's priority in the queue. The task of switching the CPU from one process to another, involving the saving and restoring of the process's context, such as CPU register values and memory-management information.

Which of the following is NOT a service typically provided by an operating system?. Handling Input/output operations and device management. Execution of programs and management of program execution. Translation of natural language input into machine code. Manipulation of files within the file system.

What is the primary function of the bootstrap program in a computer system?. To act as the primary antivirus and security software for the system. To initialize all aspects of the system and load the operating-system kernel into memory. To manage the computer's memory and perform ongoing system processes.

In the following code fragment using opendir and readdir, the code: Prints only the names of files under the directory "dirname". Prints only the names of directories under the directory "dirname". Prints the name of both files and directories under directory "dirname".

In UNIX systems, what happens to a process that has terminated but whose parent process has not yet called wait()?. The process becomes a zombie, retaining its entry in the process table until wait() is called by its parent. The process becomes an orphan and is immediately adopted by the init process. The process immediately removes its entry from the process table.

What is the role of the ServerSocket class in the context of a data server that uses TCP sockets?. It is responsible for sending the date and time to the client after a connection is established. It specifies the port number on which the server listens and waits for connection requests from clients. It is used by the client to establish a connection to the server's IP address.

Which of the following statements best describes the 'Ready' state of a process in an operating system?. The process is executing instructions. The process is waiting to be assigned to a processor. The process is being created. The process is waiting for an I/O operation to complete.

When an "interrupt" is received by the process running on the CPU, the "interrupt_vector" in the kernel is used to determine: the function that must be executed in response to the kind of interrupt received. whether the interrupt must be serviced immediately. the string that describes the error associated with the received interrupt.

The following code fragment for(int i = 0; i < 8; i++) { int retv = wait(NULL); ... } waits for the termination of 8 children of the current process: in the same order as that of the creation of the children. in the order of the PIDs of the children. in any order.

The following program "xyz.c" (utilizing signal(SIGINT, handler)) prints: start...done. start...doing...doing...done. start...doing...done.

How many PIDs does the following command print? (Code: fork(); followed by a loop of 2 fork();). 3. 8. 6.

In an implementation of virtual memory that uses the page replacement algorithm Least Frequently Used (LFU), the kernel of the operating system must keep for every page in physical memory: a counter with the number of accesses to the page. a counter with the number of different processes that access the page. the "timestamp" for the last access to the page.

In the MMU, the Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB): avoids consulting the page table for the translation of a virtual address except on the first access to a page. completely avoids consulting the page table for the translation of a virtual address. avoids the addition of the "offset" of the virtual address to the physical address of the page in the translation of the address.

When we use pagination to manage physical memory: information locality is preserved. there is no external fragmentation. the insertion of pages in physical memory is complex.

A swap partition is a disk partition: shared and used by two or more operating systems. formatted with the "swap" file system. without a file system, used to support virtual memory.

Using larger pages to manage physical memory: increases the number of processes in physical memory. diminishes the frequency of "swap" operations. diminishes the impact of internal fragmentation.

Consider a 16-bit architecture and the virtual address in the addressing space of a process 0x22ff. If the system uses pages with 512 bytes, the number of the page and its offset are, respectively: 231, 31. 17, 255. 69, 127.

In the following program (Parent and Child printing &value and value), the processes print the same value for &value but different values for value. This is possible because variable value is associated with: different physical addresses but the same virtual address. the same physical address but different virtual addresses. different physical and virtual addresses.

The usage of contiguous blocks to keep the contents of files: diminishes the impact of internal fragmentation. simplifies the growth of existing files. allows for very fast accesses.

The usage of linked lists of blocks to manage disk space: avoids external fragmentation. improves the performance of random accesses. complicates the growth of existing files.

The File Allocation Table (FAT) file system uses linked lists of blocks to keep the contents of files. To improve efficiency, these lists are encoded: in a priority-queue. in an array. in a binary search-tree.

The UNIX system keeps the I/O streams for all processes separated by using "buffers" in kernel memory. This mechanism is known as: swapping. scheduling. spooling.

The technology that allows a CPU to delegate the execution of I/O operations to a device controller is: SATA. PCIe. DMA.

When a file is first accessed with the open() system call, its information is transferred from the file system on disk to physical memory where it is managed by the kernel: only in the "Per-Process Open File Table" of the process that executed the call to open(). in the "System-Wide Open File Table" and in the "Per-Process Open File Table" of the process that executed the call to open(). only in the "System-Wide Open File Table".

Using the inode data structure of the UNIX file system, the complexity of accesses to disk blocks for small files is: O(log n), where "n" is the number of blocks allocated to the file. O(1). O(n), where "n" is the number of blocks allocated to the file.

The CPU component known as the "Memory Management Unit" (MMU) is responsible for: translating virtual addresses generated by the process running on the CPU into physical addresses. managing the "heap" segment of the addressing space associated with the process running on the CPU. ensuring that only the process running on the CPU has access to the physical memory.

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